教学素材 | 如果你不喝水,身体会发生什么?

如果你不喝水,身体会发生什么?What would happen if you didn't drink water?词汇:考研 | 句法:六级| 文本:考研刘立军供稿Water is virtually everywhere, from soil moisture and ice caps, to the cells inside our own bodies. Depending on factors like location, fat index, age, and sex, the average human is between 55-60% water. At birth, human babies are even wetter. Being 75% water, they are swimmingly similar to fish. But their water composition drops to 65% by their first birthday. So what role does water play in our bodies, and how much do we actually need to drink to stay healthy? 从湿润的土壤和冰盖,再到我们体内的细胞,水几乎无处不在。根据地点、脂肪指数、年龄和性别等因素的不同,普通人体内的水分占比在55%-60%之间。婴儿出生时含水量更高,达到75%,这使得他们与鱼类非常相似。但到了婴儿一岁生日时,这一比例会下降到65%。那么,水在我们的身体中扮演了什么角色?为了保持健康,我们实际需要的饮水量是多少呢?The H2O in our bodies works to cushion and lubricate joints, regulate temperature, and to nourish the brain and spinal cord.我们体内的水分起到缓冲及润滑关节、调节体温以及滋养大脑和脊髓的作用。Water isn’t only in our blood. An adult's brain and heart are almost three quarters water. That's roughly equivalent to the amount of moisture in a banana. Lungs are more similar to an apple at 83%. And even seemingly dry human bones are 31% water. If we are essentially made of water, and surrounded by water, why do we still need to drink so much? 水不仅仅只存在于我们的血液中。成年人大脑和心脏的四分之三几乎是水,这大约相当于一根香蕉中的含水量。肺部的含水量更接近苹果,为83%。甚至看似干燥的人体骨骼,也含有31%的水分。如果我们的身体本质上是由水构成,并且我们生活在被水包围的环境中,为什么还需要喝这么多水呢?Well, each day we lose two to three liters through our sweat, urine, and bowel movements, and even just from breathing. While these functions are essential to our survival, we need to compensate for the fluid loss. Maintaining a balanced water level is essential to avoid dehydration or over-hydration, both of which can have devastating effects on overall health.其实,我们每天通过汗液、尿液、排便,甚至仅仅是呼吸,就会失去两到三升的水分。但由于这些功能对我们的生存至关重要,我们必须补偿其中流失的水分。维持体内的水平衡对于避免脱水或过度水合至关重要,因为这两种情况都会对整体健康状况产生毁灭性的影响。At first detection of low water levels, sensory receptors in the brain’s hypothalamus signal the release of antidiuretic hormone. When it reached the kidneys, it creates aquaporins, special channels that enable blood to absorb and retain more water, leading to concentrated, dark urine. Increased dehydration can cause notable drops in energy, mood, skin moisture, and blood pressure, as well as signs of cognitive impairment. A dehydrated brain works harder to accomplish the same amount as a normal brain, and it even temporarily shrinks because of its lack of water. 当检测到体内水分水平降低时,大脑下丘脑中的感觉受体会发出信号,释放抗利尿激素。这种激素到达肾脏后,会生成特殊的通道——水孔蛋白,使血液能够吸收并保留更多水分,从而导致尿液浓缩,且颜色变深。脱水加剧会导致能量、情绪、皮肤湿度和血压显著下降,还可能出现认知功能受损的迹象。脱水的大脑为了完成与正常大脑相同的工作量,需要付出更多努力,甚至会因为缺水而暂时缩小。Over-hydration, or hyponatremia, is usually caused by overconsumption of water in a short amount of time. Athletes are often the victims of over-hydration because of complications in regulating water levels in extreme physical conditions. Whereas the dehydrated brain amps up the production of antidiuretic hormone, the over-hydrated brain slows, or even stops, releasing it into the blood. Sodium electrolytes in the body become diluted, causing cells to swell. In severe cases, the kidneys can't keep up with the resulting volumes of dilute urine. Water intoxication then occurs, possibly causing headache, vomiting, and, in rare instances, seizures or death. But that's a pretty extreme situation.过度水合(或低钠血症)通常是短时间内过量饮水造成的。运动员由于极端体能条件下难以调节水分平衡,常常成为过度水合的受害者。脱水的大脑会加速抗利尿激素的生产,而过度水合的大脑则会减缓甚至停止将其释放到血液中。体内的钠电解质被稀释,导致细胞肿胀。在严重情况下,肾脏无法处理大量稀释的尿液,从而引发水中毒,可能导致头痛、呕吐等现象,在极少数情况下,甚至引发癫痫发作或死亡。但这是相当极端的情况。On a normal, day-to-day basis, maintaining a well-hydrated system is easy to manage for those of us fortunate enough to have access to clean drinking water. For a long time, conventional wisdom said that we should drink eight glasses a day. That estimate has since been fine-tuned. Now, the consensus is that the amount of water we need to imbibe depends largely on our weight and environment. The recommended daily intake varies from between 2.5-3.7 liters of water for men, and about 2-2.7 liters for women, a range that is pushed up or down if we are healthy, active, old, or overheating.在日常生活中,对于我们这些有幸可以喝到干净饮用水的人来说,保持身体水分充足并不难。长期以来,传统观念认为我们应该每天喝八杯水。这个估算后来得到了进一步细化。现在普遍认为,我们需要摄入的水量主要取决于体重和环境。男性建议每日摄入量为2.5至3.7升,女性约为2至2.7升,具体范围会因健康状况、是否活跃、年龄大小或是否处于高温环境而有所调整。While water is the healthiest hydrator, other beverages, even those with caffeine like coffee or tea, replenish fluids as well. And water within food makes up about a fifth of our daily H2O intake. Fruits and vegetables like strawberries, cucumbers, and even broccoli are over 90% water, and can supplement liquid intake while providing valuable nutrients and fiber. 虽然水是最健康的补水来源,但含咖啡因的咖啡或茶等饮品,也能补充水分。食物中的水分约占我们每日水分摄入量的五分之一。像草莓、黄瓜甚至西兰花这样的水果和蔬菜含水量超过90%,可以在补充液体的同时,提供宝贵的营养素和膳食纤维。Drinking well might also have various long-term benefits. Studies have shown that optimal hydration can lower the chance of stroke, help manage diabetes, and potentially reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. No matter what, getting the right amount of liquid makes a world of difference in how you'll feel, think, and function day to day.充分饮水还可能带来多种长期益处。研究表明,保持最佳水分摄入可以降低中风的风险,帮助控制糖尿病,并可能减少某些类型癌症的风险。无论如何,摄入适量的水分对你日常的感官、思维和身体机能都会产生巨大的影响。【词汇】1. swimmingly adv. 顺顺当当地2. cushion v. 缓冲,减轻冲击3. lubricate v. 润滑4. spinal cord n. 脊髓5. dehydration n. 脱水6. over-hydration n. 过度补水,水中毒7. hypothalamus n. 下丘脑8. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) n. 抗利尿激素9. aquaporin n. 水通道蛋白,水孔蛋白10. dehydrated adj. 脱水的11. hyponatremia n. 低钠血症12. amp up v. 增强,提高13. sodium electrolyte n. 钠电解质14. imbibe v. 饮,喝;吸收(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

教学素材 | 通晓多门语言的人是如何学习语言的?

通晓多门语言的人是如何学习语言的?How do polyglots learn languages?词汇:考研 | 句法:高考 | 文本:考研刘立军供稿How many languages do you speak? For most people, it can be hard learning just one foreign language. Lydia Machova, a Slovakian polyglot and language mentor, is currently fluent in seven foreign languages and says she likes to learn a new language every two years! So how do polyglots like Lydia learn multiple languages successfully, and what can we learn from their methods? 你会说几种语言?对大多数人来说,掌握一门外语已经很不容易了。斯洛伐克一位通晓多门语言者兼语言导师莉迪亚·马霍娃目前已能流利使用七门外语,还表示自己喜欢每两年就学一门新语言!那么,像莉迪亚这样的多语言者是如何成功掌握多种语言的?我们又能从他们的方法中学到什么?Lydia wanted to find out the different techniques polyglots use, and she found a wide variety of methods. Some use language exchange apps to find native speakers so that they can start speaking from day one. Others watch series they love with subtitles, and some use techniques like ‘shadowing’ – listening to and repeating target language to master pronunciation. 莉迪亚想了解多语言者所使用的不同方法,结果发现,大家的方法五花八门。有人通过语言交际app找到母语者,第一天就能开口练习;有人看自己感兴趣的带字幕的连续剧;还有人采用“影子跟读法”——通过听和模仿目标语言来掌握发音。Kato Lomb was described by the linguist Krashen as “possibly the most accomplished polyglot in the world”. She was a Hungarian who spoke 16 languages! Her approach to learning focused on extensive reading and self-study. So, while there are lots of different approaches, in her 2019 TED Talk, Lydia concluded that the one thing polyglots all have in common is an interest and motivation to learn. 语言学家克拉申曾如此形容卡托·伦布(Kato Lomb):“她可能是世界上最杰出的语言天才”,因为这位匈牙利女性掌握了16种语言!她的学习方式以广泛阅读和自学为主。尽管语言的学习方法多种多样,在2019年的TED演讲中,莉迪亚总结道:所有掌握多门语言的人有一个共同点,那就是对学习语言充满兴趣,动力十足。However, some linguists argue that viral videos showing polyglots switching between languages often rely on memorised phrases rather than proving genuine conversational ability. Benny Lewis, author and creator of the website Fluent in 3 Months, thinks it’s important to be open and honest about your competency in a language. He discusses having varying levels of proficiency in the languages he speaks, from basic conversation to near-native fluency. 然而,一些语言学家指出,网上流行的那些展示多语言者在不同语言间自由切换的视频,往往依赖于事先背诵好的短语,而非真正具备流畅的对话能力。“三个月流利说外语”网站的作者兼创始人本尼·刘易斯认为,对自己掌握一门语言的程度保持开放和诚实非常重要。他提到,自己对所掌握的语言的水平各有不同,从基础对话到接近母语流利程度不等。So, the professionals say enjoy yourself when learning. We recommend you try some of these suggestions, find the right method for you and stick to it! 因此,专业人士建议,在学习语言的过程中要享受乐趣。我们推荐你尝试以上这些方法,找到最适合自己的方法,并坚持下去!【词汇】1. polyglot n. 通晓多种语言的人 2. mentor n. 导师,指导者 3. subtitle n. 字幕 4. linguist n. 语言学家 5. extensive adj. 广泛的,全面的 6. viral adj. 迅速流行的 7. competency n. 能力(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

时文选读 | 数字游民:自由与挑战并存的漂泊人生

时文选读| 数字游民:自由与挑战并存的漂泊人生Life as a digital nomad六级 偏易| 337词 刘立军供稿Part I. PassageIf you could work from any location in the world, where would you go? Picture filling in a spreadsheet on a sandy Caribbean island, or maybe a little rooftop cafe in Rome where you can sip an espresso while editing a social media video. More and more countries are offering digital nomad visas and therefore the chance to work remotely, from wherever you’d like to.This way of working is on the rise. A 2023 report found that 11% of US workers now consider themselves a digital nomad, and this type of worker is expected to increase in number by more than 20 million in the next five years. Traditionally, digital nomads have worked freelance. They might be social media managers, software developers or copywriters, but now even traditional professions like accountants and lawyers are taking the leap. But what is the life of a digital nomad really like?Rowena Hennigan, who writes for Harvard Business Review, is a digital nomad along with her family. They have a ‘home base’ in Spain but frequently go away for workcations that can last from weeks to months. She says that compared to a ‘traditional’ model of raising children, “remote working has allowed my family to move away from that kind of intensity, and this way, we all get to move at a more sustainable and healthy pace.” Plus, her family are regularly exposed to new cultures, languages and natural beauty.Though it doesn’t work for everyone. Francesca Specter, a writer for The Guardian, decided to country-hop where her ‘office’ included beaches, cafes and coworking spaces. But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting bouts of loneliness, she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool. She said, “I was chronically firefighting unglamorous concerns such as missing luggage or sleep deprivation after an overnight flight delay.”So, it’s not for everyone, but if you ever feel like escaping the rat-race, why not give it a go?【Vocabulary】1. spreadsheet n. 电子表格2. espresso n. 浓缩咖啡3. nomad n. 游牧者,流浪者4. freelance adv. 自由职业地5. copywriter n. 文案撰稿人6. accountant n. 会计师7. workcation n. 边工作边度假8. country-hop v. 边工作边穿梭于不同国家旅行9. bout n.一阵(情绪)10. rat-race n. 激烈竞争的生活方式Part II. QuestionsQ1. According to the text, what is one reason digital nomad visas are becoming popular?A. They allow people to work without restrictions.B. They offer opportunities to work from any location.C. They guarantee reliable wi-fi and coworking spaces.D. They encourage traditional professions to go freelance.Q2. What does Rowena Hennigan say about remote working compared to traditional parenting models?A. It allows her family to travel without a home base.B. It exposes her family to fewer cultural experiences.C. It helps her family adopt a healthier and sustainable pace.D. It reduces the need for childcare and traditional schooling.Q3. What can be inferred about the lifestyle of digital nomads?A. It offers flexibility but comes with unique challenges.B. It is only suitable for people in creative industries.C. It eliminates the need for a permanent home base.D. It guarantees a glamorous and stress-free work life.Q4. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To encourage readers to adopt a digital nomad lifestyle.B. To explain how digital nomads overcome work challenges.C. To compare digital nomadism with traditional work models.D. To analyze the pros and cons of being a digital nomad.Part III. KEYQ1. 【答案】B【解析】细节题。题目出处为:More and more countries are offering digital nomad visas and therefore the chance to work remotely, from wherever you’d like to. 意为:“越来越多的国家开始提供数字游民签证,让人们可以远程工作,并在任何自己想去的地方办公。”这里明确指出数字游民签证提供了远程工作的机会,使人们得以“在任何地方工作”,因此正确答案为B。Q2. 【答案】C【解析】细节题。题目出处为:Remote working has allowed my family to move away from that kind of intensity, and this way, we all get to move at a more sustainable and healthy pace. 意为:“远程办公让我家人得以远离那种高强度的生活节奏,以更可持续、更健康的方式生活。”这里强调了远程工作对家庭节奏的积极影响,帮助Rowena Hennigan一家摆脱紧张状态并实现可持续的生活方式,因此正确答案为C。Q3. 【答案】A【解析】推理题。题目出处为:Though it doesn’t work for everyone. Francesca Specter, a writer for The Guardian, decided to country-hop … But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting bouts of loneliness, she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool. 意为:“但这种生活方式并不适合所有人。《卫报》撰稿人弗朗西丝卡·斯派克特(Francesca Specter)决定在不同国家间“跳岛”旅行……但同时,她也在努力寻找可靠的无线网络并与孤独作斗争。她写道,当她在阴凉处给过热的笔记本降温时,看着度假者在泳池边放松,她感到羡慕。”这个案例指出了数字游民生活方式的灵活性及其伴随的挑战,如可能会孤独或遇到网络不畅等问题,因此可以推断,它既有优势也有挑战,因此正确答案为A。Q4. 【答案】D【解析】主旨题。文章分析了数字游民生活方式的优缺点,既指出了其灵活性和跨文化体验,又揭示了其背后的孤独和可能遇到的困难。整篇文章的核心是分析数字游民生活方式的优缺点,而不是单纯鼓励或比较,因此正确答案为D。(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 发烧虽难受,但非坏事

发烧虽难受,但非坏事Fever Feels Horrible, but Is Actually Awesome 常速| 六级 标准 | 1572词 | 9min29s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the text’s explanation for why human bodies maintain a temperature of around 37°C?A. It minimizes energy expenditure.B. It optimizes cellular function and increases resistance to fungal infections.C. It facilitates the reproduction of beneficial bacteria.D. It allows the body to adapt to fluctuating environments.Q2. What role does fever play in the immune system’s response to infection?A. It raises body temperature to eliminate toxins.B. It makes the body uncomfortable to encourage rest.C. It heats the body to stress and kill invaders.D. It cools the body to prevent overheating.Q3. How do pyrogens initiate a fever response in the body?A. By increasing the body’s energy reserves.B. By directly attacking invading microbes.C. By reducing blood flow to the skin’s surface.D. By passing into the brain and raising the internal thermostat.Q4. How does the fever-induced rise in body temperature specifically impact bacteria?A. It increases their reproduction rate.B. It decreases their cellular stress levels.C. It causes damage to their DNA and proteins.D. It allows them to adapt to higher temperatures.Q5. What key aspect of the immune system is improved during a fever, as mentioned in the text?A. More efficient attack by immune cells like neutrophils and killer cells.B. Enhanced production of antibodies.C. Quicker healing of damaged tissues.D. Increased metabolism to provide more energy.Q6. What triggers the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in your cells during a fever?A. Excessive exposure to cold temperatures.B. Increased cellular stress due to elevated temperatures.C. Invasion by specific types of bacteria.D. Inhibition of the immune response.Q7. Why might evolution favor pathogens that can overcome fever?A. They can infect a wider range of hosts.B. They can replicate faster in the host body.C. They can survive in extreme temperature conditions.D. They become more competitive in infecting new, healthy hosts.Q8. According to the text, why do some serious pathogens like the measles virus adopt “hit and run" tactics?A. To avoid strong immune responses before fever can effectively kill them.B. To mutate rapidly and avoid detection.C. To spread infections more efficiently during the fever phase.D. To destroy a host's immune system faster.Q9. What is one reason why fever-reducing medications might not be beneficial for recovering from certain diseases like influenza?A. They enhance the replication of viruses.B. They can cause harmful side effects.C. They do not accelerate the healing process.D. They prevent the immune system from functioning effectively.Q10. How does the author suggest people should approach treating a fever with medication?A. Always avoid using fever reducers.B. Only use medication if the fever exceeds 40°C.C. Speak to a doctor to determine the best course of action.D. Rely on internet sources for advice.Part II. TRANSCRIPTFever Feels Horrible, but Is Actually AwesomeFever feels bad, so we take medication to suppress it ― but is this a good idea? It turns out fever is one of the oldest defenses against disease. What exactly is it, how does it make your immune defense stronger, and should you take a pill to combat it?The Heat of LifeOn Earth, life is able to thrive between the extremes of -10°C in deep cool pools and 120°C in thermal vents. Step outside this range and die. Every animal or microbe has a temperature range that is ideal and one that is stressful but survivable for a while. Your ideal temperature is where your cells work best, where their internal machinery is the most efficient and the animal as a whole the best adapted to its niche. (Q1) Humans are warm-blooded animals, and our bodies expend a lot of energy to keep us around 37°C or 98.6°F, which seems wasteful, but this may actually be a defensive adaptation ― our temperature makes us almost entirely immune to one of the worst killers and parasites: fungi. Most colder animals and their insides are infected by them, but you are just too hot, which brings us to fever. For any microbe that wants to infect you, your body is a world they want to conquer.niche n. 生态位,适合的位置fungi n. (fungus的复数)真菌(Q2) Fever is defensive climate change pushing an invader outside its ideal temperature range and making the world horrible. It evolved at least 600 million years ago and is widespread: most animals increase their core temperature when they are sick. Fish swim into warmer waters; lizards bathe in the sun. Bees heat up the air inside their hive. But you, warm blooded mammal, you have way more drastic options. Let’s make you sick and see what happens.lizard n. 蜥蜴When Your Blood Turns into LavaYou’re invaded by bacteria and viruses at the same time. The invasion is powerful, and you need to slow it down as fast as possible. Fever is part of your first line of defense, triggered by a diverse group of chemicals called “pyrogens”, “The creators of heat”. (Q3) They float away from the battlefield and pass right into your brain, where specialized receptors pick them up and crank up your internal thermostat. First, you begin to shiver. Your skeletal muscles contract really quickly, which generates a lot of heat in your core. At the same time, usually the blood vessels near your surfaces contract and prevent heat from escaping through your skin. Your skin cools down while your insides burn.thermostat n. 恒温器,温度调节器Fever is a systemic, body-wide response and is a serious energy investment for your body. You burn about 10% more calories to stay alive for every degree centigrade your body temperature rises. Fever is also a strong order to lay down and rest, to save energy and give your immune system time to fight.Back to the battlefield: When the bacteria entered your body, they tried to be stealthy. But now they have switched into high production mode. Their goal is to multiply as fast as possible, which means they need a lot of resources and are highly stressed. Imagine running a marathon while eating a succulent Chinese meal and giving birth. The last thing bacteria need right now is more stress. So your immune system tries to stress them out as much as possible by ordering inflammation, which floods the battlefield with fluids, attack proteins and soldiers. Pretty stressful! Fever is even more stress!inflammation n. 炎症For the bacteria a moment ago, the temperature range was pleasant, now the world burns! (Q4) Heat can cause their organs to break and membranes to rupture, damage their DNA and diminish protein production. They are seriously suffering from the heat. Why doesn’t this affect your cells? It does! All of this is stressful for your cells, too. Virtually, every system and organ of your body works worse during fever ― except one: your immune system. (Q5) Neutrophils are recruited faster, macrophages and dendritic cells are better at devouring enemies, Killer cells kill better and so on. And fever animates your immune cells to gobble up the critical resources your enemies need, like iron, glucose and glutamine, turning the battlefield into a food desert.rupture v. 破裂,裂开glucose n. 葡萄糖The viruses that infected millions of cells are doing even worse because they are also very sensitive to heat. For example, the rhinovirus that causes the common cold can only infect your respiratory tract because it is significantly colder than the rest of your body, even without fever.respiratory adj. 呼吸的The heat is also really bad for the millions of cells that are infected by viruses at this point. They are working super hard producing viruses, which is pretty stressful.(Q6) As the heat becomes too much to bear, the super stressed cells panic. As their internal machinery is breaking and failing, they quickly produce billions of heat shock proteins, or HSPs, that start repairs, keeping them alive. But this is a trap. Even your healthy cells produce HSPs to deal with the heat ― but if a cell makes too many of them, this means it is more stressed than it should be. And if it is too stressed, something is wrong, and it should be killed. So your natural killer cells and killer T cells are activated and attracted by HSPs and start killing infected cells and all the viruses inside them. By trying to protect themselves, infected cells are calling out to be destroyed.But if fever is such an effective weapon, why don’t your enemies adapt to it? How is it still viable, in so many different animals, after hundreds of millions of years? A wild reason is that fever actually might outsmart evolution. If your enemies survive fever long enough, natural selection changes them. The individuals that are better suited to deal with heat reproduce more. After a few days, they have adapted. But this becomes a handicap ― (Q7) because the next step is to infect new victims in new bodies, and now healthy humans are too cold for them, not impossible to infect, just harder. And the heat-resistant microbes now compete with their cousins that like it colder and have an advantage infecting healthy hosts. This creates an evolutionary dilemma without a perfect solution.To circumvent this, serious pathogens like measles use hit and run tactics. (Q8) The measles virus replicates ultra-fast and is the most infectious right before your fever hits with full force. It’s brutally beaten back once your full immune response shows up, but by then, the damage is done.pathogen n. 病原体Fever is an effective part of the puzzle of your immune system, helping to attack and stress your enemies from as many angles as possible. But if fever is so great, why do we stop it when we are sick?Should You Fight Fever with Medications?We think it is normal to have magic pills, but relatively harmless, over-the-counter pain medication like Aspirin or Ibuprofen only became cheap and widely available in the last century or so. Going to a pharmacy to get something for your headache is extremely new in human history. Pain feels bad, so we’ve gotten used to stopping it when we feel it. If you are sick, you’re supposed to feel a reasonable amount of pain so you lie down and save energy. This is not a bug but a feature of your immune system. But pain and fever are closely connected and over the counter pain medication like Ibuprofen and Paracetamol also work against fever. Especially in children fever is often suppressed by worried parents or doctors ― sometimes because they think fever itself is the disease or they are worried that it can do long-term harm.ibuprofen n. 布洛芬(一种止痛药和解热药)paracetamol n. 醋氨酚;扑热息痛In general, it’s fair to say that for temperatures below 40°C or 104°F, fever is not dangerous and doesn’t need to be treated. Of course, there are also patients that should not have fever ― like pregnant women, seniors and seriously weakened patients. For them, the extra stress may be dangerous. Fever over 40°C is dangerous to anybody because it’s most likely caused by your internal heat monitor failing. Things get more complicated in serious disease territory. (Q9) We also have evidence that for some diseases like influenza or chickenpox, antifever drugs do not help you to heal faster. But we are also running into ethics problems here that make clinical trials difficult. In one study, doctors gave strong anti-fever treatment to critical care patients ― but had to stop after mortality shot up. ethics n. 伦理,道德规范Overall, we have strong indications that more people may survive serious infectious diseases better with a fever. And there is very little clinical evidence that stopping fever leads to better health outcomes. But there are important exceptions, like neurological injuries and stroke. We definitely need a lot more research.So, should you fight fever? (Q10) Well, speak to your doctor and don’t listen to Internet videos. But this decision is really about payoffs. If a fever is not dangerously high and you can bear it, you are supporting your defenses and may even get healthy a bit faster. But if you feel really bad and are healthy in general, taking a pill against pain and fever will make you feel better quicker, at the cost of a slightly less effective immune defense. However you decide, the next time you are burning up and feeling bad, you can rest easy in the knowledge that your enemies are having a much worse time than you. Part III. KEYQ1.B. 细节题。根据“Humans are warm blooded animals, and our bodies expend a lot of energy to keep us around 37°C or 98.6 °F, which seems wasteful, but this may actually be a defensive adaptation - our temperature makes us almost entirely immune to one of the worst killers and parasites: fungi.”说明人类消耗大量的能量把体温维持在37°C(98.6°F),这看似浪费,但这实际上可能是一种防御性适应, 我们的体温使我们几乎完全免疫于真菌这类致命寄生虫。因此答案为B。Q2.C. 主旨题。根据“Fever is defensive climate change pushing an invader outside its ideal temperature range and making the world horrible.”可知发烧是通过提高体温来抵御入侵者(病菌等),将入侵者推到其理想温度范围之外,并杀害他们。因此答案为C。Q3.D. 细节题。根据“They float away from the battlefield and pass right into your brain, where specialized receptors pick them up and crank up your internal thermostat.”可知热源直达你的大脑,触发体内恒温器,使其升高来引发发热。因此答案为D。Q4.C. 细节题。根据“Heat can cause their organs to break and membranes to rupture, damage their DNA and diminish protein production.”可知高烧会导致细菌的器官破裂和细胞膜破裂,损坏它们的DNA并减少蛋白质产生。因此答案为C。Q5.A. 细节题。根据“Neutrophils are recruited faster, macrophages and dendritic cells are better at devouring enemies, Killer cells kill better and so on.”可知中性粒细胞加速集结,巨噬细胞和树突状细胞在吞噬敌人方面表现得更好,杀伤细胞的杀伤力也更强。因此答案为A。Q6.B. 细节题。根据“As the heat becomes too much to bear, the super stressed cells panic. As their internal machinery is breaking and failing, they quickly produce billions of heat shock proteins, or HSPs, that start repairs, keeping them alive.”可知当热度变得难以承受时,细胞压力过大,它们内部机制崩溃时,它们会快速产生数十亿的热休克蛋白。因此答案为B。Q7.D. 推理题。根据“because the next step is to infect new victims in new bodies, and now healthy humans are too cold for them, not impossible to infect, just harder.”可知下一步是感染新宿主,现在健康的人类对它们来说太冷了,太难感染了。因此答案为D。Q8.A. 细节题。根据“The measles virus replicates ultra-fast and is the most infectious right before your fever hits with full force. It’s brutally beaten back once your full immune response shows up, but by then, the damage is done.” 可知麻疹病在你的发烧完全发作之前是最具传染性的,因此在那之前它会快速复制传播,一旦你的完全免疫反应出现,它将被残酷地击退,但那时,损害已经完成了。因此答案为A。Q9. C. 细节题。根据“We also have evidence that for some diseases like influenza or chickenpox, antifever drugs do not help you to heal faster.” 可知有证据表明,对于一些疾病如流感或水痘,退烧药并不会加快康复。因此答案为C。Q10. C. 推理题。根据“Well, speak to your doctor and don’t listen to Internet videos.”可知发烧是否用药应咨询医生,而不是听信网上的视频。因此答案为C。(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 木星的95颗卫星及其生命潜力

CNN新闻:木星的95颗卫星及其生命潜力Jupiter’s 95 Moons and Potential for Life常速| 六级 中等 | 355词 | 2分28秒刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. Based on the text, what is unique about Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moons?A. It is the hottest moon in the solar system.B. It is larger than the planet Mercury.C. It has volcanoes similar to Earth’s.D. It is the only moon without water.Q2. What maneuver will the Juice mission use to reach Jupiter?A. A direct flight path from Earth to Jupiter.B. A double gravity assist maneuver involving Earth and Venus.C. A series of small propulsion adjustments.D. A free-fall trajectory through the asteroid belt.Q3. How is Jupiter different from the sun, despite being similar in certain ways?A. Jupiter does not have a magnetic field whereas the sun does.B. Jupiter fuses hydrogen into helium to create energy.C. Jupiter is a gas giant but doesn't fuse hydrogen atoms into helium.D. Jupiter is hotter than the sun due to its core composition.Q4. What was revealed by the 1996 Galileo spacecraft mission regarding Europa’s surface?A. It contains active volcanic regions.B. It is completely dry and barren.C. It is composed mainly of rocky terrain.D. It has an ocean beneath its icy exterior.Q5. Why do plumes of water on Europa suggest the potential for life?A. They provide evidence of possible microbial life due to the presence of water, carbon, and hydrogen.B. They show that Europa’s surface is hospitable for human life.C. They indicate volcanic activity that can support life.D. They reveal an advanced ecosystem similar to Earth’s marine environments.Part II. TRANSCRIPTJupiter’s 95 Moons and Potential for LifeAccording to astronomers, how many moons does Jupiter have?One, two, three, or 95?The current count is 95 confirmed moons for Jupiter, (Q1) including the largest moon in our solar system, Ganymede, which is larger than the planet Mercury.Scientists have been studying Jupiter’s moons for decades, sending probes to peruse them since the 1970s. After discovering some of these moons have actual oceans under their icy surfaces, the European Space Agency and NASA want to know, can these celestial bodies support life?celestial adj. 天体的,天空的 Well, the Juice mission, named after the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer spacecraft, is going to use some pretty cool physics (Q2) to perform the first double gravity assist maneuver.(Q2) This week, the spacecraft will use Earth’s gravity to slingshot towards a Venus flyby in 2025, and putting it on track to scope out Jupiter and its moons by July of 2031.UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Jupiter has three moons with oceans underneath their icy shells. They’re called Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. Earthlings have been curious about these moons and their potential to house life for a long time.earthling n. 地球人(科幻小说中外星人用语)NASA first sent probes in part to get a closer look in 1977. Jupiter is a gas giant. That means it doesn’t have a surface. It’s a swirl of gases that can dense into a smoldering ocean of hydrogen at its core. It’s very similar to our sun in this way. (Q3) But unlike the sun, it doesn’t fuse hydrogen atoms into helium to create energy and heat.helium n. 氦(化学元素)Now back to those first NASA probes, they observed long lines and dark spots on the moon Europa. Typically, moons have cratered surfaces. But these images tipped scientists off that there might be an ocean beneath Europa’s icy exterior.(Q4) In 1996, that theory was confirmed when the Galileo spacecraft reached Europa. It was the first ocean discovered on another planet. Then, in 2012 and 2016, the Hubble Space Telescope showed water plumes erupting from the warmest parts of Europa.(Q5) Scientists don’t know much about the plumes. But if Europa has water and elements like carbon and hydrogen, it could mean that microbial life once formed there or even still exists.microbial adj. 微生物的Part III. KEYQ1. B. 细节题。根据“including the largest moon in our solar system, Ganymede, which is larger than the planet Mercury.”可知Ganymede太阳系中最大的卫星,它比水星还大。因此答案为B。Q2. B. 细节题。根据“...to perform the first double gravity assist maneuver ... the spacecraft will use Earth’s gravity to slingshot towards a Venus flyby in 2025, and putting it on track to scope out Jupiter and its moons by July of 2031.”可知该航天器将使用双重重力助推机动,先利用地球的引力在2025年进行一次金星飞越,并在2031年7月之前瞄准木星及其卫星。因此答案为B。Q3. C. 细节题。根据“But unlike the sun, it doesn’t fuse hydrogen atoms into helium to create energy and heat.”可知两者的不同的在于,木星不像太阳那样通过氢原子聚变成氦来产生能量和热量。因此答案为C。Q4. D. 细节题。根据“In 1996, that theory was confirmed when the Galileo spacecraft reached Europa. It was the first ocean discovered on another planet.”可知1996年,当伽利略号航天器到达木卫二欧罗巴时,该理论得到证实。这是在另一颗行星上首次发现的海洋。因此答案为D。Q5. A. 推理题。根据“Scientists don’t know much about the plumes. But if Europa has water and elements like carbon and hydrogen, it could mean that microbial life once formed there or even still exists.”可知科学家对这些羽状物知之甚少。但是如果Europa确实水和碳氢等元素,这可能意味着微生物生命曾经形成过,甚至仍然存在。这表明他们可能支持微生物生命的存在。因此答案为A。(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 和朋友一起锻炼的意外好处

和朋友一起锻炼的意外好处The Surprising Benefits of Exercising with Friends常速 | 四级 中等 | 1006词 | 4min47s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to the text, what can make exercising feel less tiring and more energizing?A. Daily meditation.B. Listening to music.C. Exercising with family and friends.D. Taking frequent breaks.Q2. What was the primary purpose of the experiment with 25 teenage rowers at Fulham Reach Boat Club?A. To test new rowing techniques.B. To measure the impact of social support on physical endurance.C. To compare different rowing equipment.D. To study the effects of diet on performance.Q3. How did the teenage rowers feel when they rowed alone, compared to when they rowed with others?A. More motivated.B. Less happy and more fatigued.C. Equally energized.D. More confident and stronger.Q4. What does the text suggest as an unexpected benefit of exercising with friends?A. Increased focus on individual goals.B. Enhanced social bonding.C. Better listening skills.D. Improved writing abilities.Q5. According to the text, how does social bonding through exercise happen?A. By sharing workout plans.B. Through the release of endorphins and endocannabinoids.C. By joining professional fitness competitions.D. Through online forums and social media.Q6. What long-term effect was observed from the social connections formed during the exercise challenge?A. Improved academic performance.B. Sustained feelings of social connection and improved mental wellbeing.C. Enhanced physical strength weeks after.D. Increased interest in rowing as a sport.Q7. What is a potential solution suggested by the text for people who have recently moved or are shy about meeting new people?A. Joining a gym alone.B. Attending online fitness classes.C. Finding exercise groups or clubs for beginners.D. Hiring a personal trainer.Q8. What activity besides exercise can also help people feel more socially connected?A. Watching movies alone.B. Reading books in isolation.C. Gardening with neighbors.D. Studying for exams.Q9. How can participating in exercise groups help individuals both physically and mentally, according to the text?A. By improving their technical skills.B. By offering dietary advice.C. By boosting their endurance.D. By reducing feelings of loneliness and stress.Q10. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To discuss the unexpected benefits of exercising with others.B. To provide tips for solo workout routines.C. To explain the history of physical exercise.D. To compare indoor and outdoor exercises.Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe Surprising Benefits of Exercising with FriendsArran Davis: Most of us know that movement and exercise are good for our physical health, and science is showing that they’re also good for our mental health. But did you know that exercising with friends comes with its own unexpected benefits? If you’re the type of person who likes to go to the gym, put on some headphones and kind of focus on your own thing, this idea might seem a bit strange. What difference could exercising with other people actually make?I feel like it’s just so nice to have the support of your friends and your team-mates and everything, and just having people cheer you on.Everybody cheers behind you and gets behind you and goes, “Come on, you can finish it! Last 500m!” and you know, you know you’re going to make it.Arran Davis: Humans evolved as a social species. Being around our friends makes us feel safer and less cautious. And this can change how our bodies respond to exercise. Fatigue evolved to protect us from overexertion and injury. It works like a brake mechanism that tells us when we need to stop, but it also limits our endurance. When our social environment tells us we’re safe and supported, our bodies can ease that protective break. (Q1) So, by making us feel less fatigued and more energised, exercising with family and friends, or even just as part of a group, can actually boost our physical performance.brake mechanism 刹车机构To show this, we ran an experiment with 25 teenage rowers here at the Fulham Reach Boat Club. We asked them to row at a set pace for as long as they could in two different social environments. One was designed to make them feel socially supported, and the other was meant to make them feel on their own. (Q2)We found that those who felt supported got tired less quickly and were able to row for a longer amount of time. You see everyone else row next to you, you can sort of just zone in and realise that you’re not the only one, and also you have each other cheering you on, of course. (Q3) Whilst you’re on your own, it’s just really miserable, I guess.In the boat with other people, there’s a sense of camaraderie which you don’t have in the boat by yourself. camaraderie n. 同事情谊;友情Arran Davis: But on top of boosting our performance and making our workouts feel a bit easier, there’s another major benefit to group exercise.You kind of have that social aspect, so it kind of gives you a mental health benefit by coming out to the runs.I think the social activity — I mean, I’ve got so many friends now because of it, and I think that’s one of the big bonuses.And do a run and a coffee and cake afterwards. So it’s just... Yeah, it’s great.Arran Davis: (Q4) Scientific research is beginning to show that the more we exercise with our friends, the closer we feel to them. Evolutionary anthropologists call this social bonding. (Q5) This happens because our bodies release chemical messengers called endorphins and endocannabinoids during exercise, which make us feel happy and content. You might have heard people saying they give us a runner’s high. This natural high can help us be more positive and in tune with the people we’re exercising with, and this helps us feel closer and more connected to one another. And it turns out these social connections don’t just disappear after exercise. We followed over 50 teams of teenagers who took part in a challenge which required them to navigate a difficult 50-mile course over two days. Teams who reported working together and supporting one another said they felt closer and more connected when they finished. anthropologist n. 人类学家endorphin n. 内啡肽(内分泌激素,有镇痛作用)(Q6) What we found really interesting was that these feelings of social connection positively impacted their mental wellbeing a whole week after the event. Again and again, studies have shown that social relationships are really important for our overall health. When we feel lonely, we get more stressed, and this fight or flight response is our body’s way of protecting itself from the dangers our ancestors faced when they were alone. But in the modern world, this stress response can be a bit counterproductive. And when loneliness causes us to feel chronically stressed, it can be harmful to our long-term health. One study even found that lacking social connection can be as dangerous for our health as smoking cigarettes. So by exercising together, we’re helping to build the social relationships we need to live happy and healthy lives.chronically adv. 慢性地,长期地When I’m here, I’m not stressed about exams. I’m not stressed about, like, all of the other things I have. Like, it’s just rowing and I’m just here with my friends.Arran Davis: But what happens if you don’t have family and friends nearby? Maybe you’ve just moved, or maybe you can be a bit shy and you’re not sure where to meet people. (Q7) It turns out there are a lot of exercise groups and clubs that are happy to get new members, even if you’re just getting started. In fact, some are even specifically for beginners. I found the group on Facebook, and it was set up as an event, so I just clicked “going”. I was really nervous about it, going for the first time, worried about meeting new people, but they were so welcoming, there wasn’t really anything to worry about, really.Arran Davis: And if you can’t do intense exercise, finding a partner to go on light walks with can also have positive effects on your health. (Q8) In fact, any kind of physical activity that we can do in collaboration with other people, so things like dancing, gardening or singing, can help us move more and feel more socially connected. (Q9) Public health experts have described rising levels of physical inactivity and loneliness as two new epidemics that are harming our physical and mental health. It turns out that exercising together, or even just being active with other people, might help to cure both.Part III. KEYQ1. C. 细节题。根据“by making us feel less fatigued and more energised, exercising with family and friends, exercising with family and friends, or even just as part of a group, can actually boost our physical performance.”可知与家人和朋友,甚至只是在一个团体中一起运动,能让我们感觉不那么疲劳和更有活力,甚至提高我们的身体表现。因此答案为C。Q2. B. 细节题。根据“We found that those who felt supported got tired less quickly and were able to row for a longer amount of time.” 可知对25名青少年赛艇运动员进行了对照实验,最终发现获得支持的小组不太容易疲倦,而且运动持续时间更长。因此答案为B。Q3. B. 细节题。根据“Whilst you’re on your own, it’s just really miserable, I guess.”可知当独自划船的人感觉很悲惨,且实验结果显示独自时更容易疲劳。因此答案为B。Q4. B. 细节题。根据“Scientific research is beginning to show that the more we exercise with our friends, the closer we feel to them.”可知科学研究表明,与朋友一起锻炼的次数越多,彼此会更亲近。因此答案为B。Q5. B. 细节题。根据“This happens because our bodies release chemical messengers called endorphins and endocannabinoids during exercise, which make us feel happy and content.” 可知在锻炼过程中我们的身体会释放内啡肽和内源性大麻素,这些化学物质让人感到快乐和满足,从而促进社交联结。因此答案为B。Q6. B. 细节题。根据“What we found really interesting was that these feelings of social connection positively impacted their mental wellbeing a whole week after the event.”可知研究发现,这些社交联结感在活动结束一周后仍然对他们的心理健康有积极影响。因此答案为B。Q7. C. 细节题。根据“...there are a lot of exercise groups and clubs that are happy to get new members, even if you’re just getting started. In fact, some are even specifically for beginners.” 对于刚搬家或羞于认识新朋友的人,文中建议他们加入运动团体和俱乐部,这些组织很欢迎新成员。因此答案为C。Q8. C. 细节题。根据“In fact, any kind of physical activity that we can do in collaboration with other people, so things like dancing, gardening or singing, can help us move more and feel more socially connected.” 可知事实上,任何我们可以与他人合作进行的身体活动,如跳舞、园艺或唱歌,都可以帮助我们更多地运动并促进社交联结。因此答案为C。Q9. D. 推理题。根据“Public health experts have described rising levels of physical inactivity and loneliness as two new epidemics that are harming our physical and mental health. It turns out that exercising together, or even just being active with other people, might help to cure both.”可知公共卫生专家将身体不活动和孤独感增加描述为正在损害我们身心健康的两种新流行病。但是一起锻炼,甚至只是与他人一起活动,能同时缓解上述两大问题。因此答案为D。Q10. A. 主旨题。全文主要讨论了与朋友一起锻炼的意外好处。因此答案为A。(本文图片来源于摄图网,版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛商务英语组特等奖潘紫萌说课

说课点评:在30分钟的准备时间里,读完、理解一篇800多词的商务英语文章,记住文章的结构和要点,设计出一套有理论指导、教学理念清晰、目标合理、结构完整、方法得当,最好再带点创新的教学方案,然后在10分钟的时间里,用英语条理清晰地把它展示出来,这对任何商务英语教师来讲都是一项重大的挑战。潘紫萌老师首先分析了课文,根据内容将其解构成三大部分。选手将第二部分(第3-8段)归纳成 promotion, price and place 和将第三部分(第9段)归纳成对计划进入中国市场的外国企业的忠告,这都是正确的。但是,她把第一部分(第1-2段)归纳成product,进而把前两部分归纳成营销学中著名的4P战略,这种做法有待商榷。因为课文的第1段主要讲两个问题:1)营销战略如何在中国成功,2)这些战略如何根据中国人的喜好以及对产品或服务的认知进行调整,而不是具体的产品。也许是准备的时间非常紧迫,选手对课文的理解和归纳出现了偏差。然后,潘老师分析了学生的特点。在教学模式上,她采取以学生为中心、以产出为导向的教学模式。其教学目标包括商务英语知识、商务技能和伦理价值。在具体的教学方法上,她例举了基于任务的教学、基于讨论的教学、案例教学、学生参与的测评等,并强调要综合利用线上线下教学资源。在学习测评上,她采用师生共同参与的方式,以增强教学效果。至于具体的教学步骤,她采用BOPPPS模式,再加课后作业。以上教学方案应该说中规中矩,显示出潘老师对商务英语教学的理论、模式、方法和测评等各要素有比较全面的了解。潘老师最亮眼的表现是在10分钟的时间里,用流利的英语将其教学方案展现出来,而且条理清晰,相关的教学理论、教学方法、商务知识、商务案例均了然于胸,信手拈来,同时口到手到,同步将所讲内容写到白板上,手起笔落,一气呵成。在提问阶段,潘老师的表现依旧出色,理解到位,回答中肯,表现出较高的英语基本功和商务、人文素养。不过有的回答可以再精炼一些。比如在回答第一个问题时,把EGP,EOP,EAP,ESP 的定义都讲了一遍,有点啰嗦。总而言之,潘紫萌在说课中表现突出,是一位素质比较全面、经验比较丰富的优秀商务英语教师。点评专家:陈准民

第12届教学大赛商务英语组特等奖潘紫萌授课

授课点评:潘紫萌老师在本次大赛中与来自全国各地的商务英语优秀教师展开激烈角逐,在教学理念、教学方法、课堂设计、英语素质、商务知识、教姿教态、师生互动等方面的表现都较突出,最后以总分第一荣获特等奖。潘老师以准确的英语发音先声夺人,丰富的表达方式、适中的语调语速和端庄的教姿教态也令人印象深刻。在课程设计环节,为实现其教学目标,她选择business ethics作为主题,介绍了教学目标、学生特征、以学生为中心和以产出为导向的教学理念,以及线上线下结合、传统和高科技媒体结合等丰富多彩的教学方式。这份介绍全面立体但简明扼要,为后面的演示(demo)课提供了一个很好的支撑。由于大赛的授课时间有限,潘老师突出重点,在演示课上只展示教学方案的第三步,即participatory learning 1 和 post assessment 1。她采用BOPPPS(bridge in, objectives, pre-assessment, participatory learning, post assessment, summary)模型,通过德国大众汽车减排作假、中国支付宝公益植树项目等案例,教学目标涵盖商务英语知识、技能、以及相关的伦理和价值观等。在短短的十几分钟里要达到这么多项教学目标绝非易事。潘老师通过一系列的短视频、多种教学方法(如听力填空、案例讨论、汉译英、样本对话补正等)以及活泼的师生互动,较好地实现了教学目标,显示出选手突出的课堂组织能力。商务英语教学起源于英美等国,因此基本使用本国素材、讲本国故事。传入中国后,主要使用外国素材、讲外国故事。令人欣喜的是,潘老师注意突出中国特色,多次引用中国案例,讲授中国故事,传播中国价值观。加上她出色的英语基本功和良好的师生互动,使得教学过程十分流畅,也没有不同文化同场展示的违和感。总而言之,潘紫萌老师在授课环节的各方面表现都很优秀。不足之处当然也有。首先, 8’13’’开始的讨论过于仓促,只有18秒, 8’31’’就结束了。由于讨论不充分,在随后的问答环节中,更多的回答似乎来自老师而不是学生。第二个是要增加教学过程的自然自发 (spontaneity)。不知是因为课前多次排练还是老师特意要求,学生的产出只有一次对话(17’40’’)相对自然,其他的多次回答虽准确无误,但都像中国小学生朗读课文或回答问题,语音、语调、语速都过于整齐合一,这不利于培养学生的英语实际表达能力。点评专家:陈准民

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AI赋能外语课堂研究:教学案例与选题设计

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