新闻听力 | 文化如何塑造你的认知
文化如何塑造你的认知How Culture Shape Your Perception常速| 六级 适中 | 880词 | 6min34s刘立军 供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does the term ‘affective realism’ refer to in the text?A. The process by which culture shapes our emotions.B. The notion that our emotional experiences accurately reflect the world.C. The way our emotional responses serve as a lens for interpreting reality.D. The biological basis of human emotions.Q2. According to Kristen Lindquist, what role does culture play in shaping emotions?A. Culture has no significant impact on how emotions are developed.B. Culture is less influential than biology in the evolution of emotions.C. Culture determines the physiological response to emotions like anger.D. Culture influences the creation of emotions and their interpretation.Q3. What is Kristen Lindquist’s professional role?A. A cultural anthropologist.B. A professor of psychology and neuroscience.C. A software developer for emotion recognition.D. A social worker in community services.Q4. What is the overall focus of Kristen Lindquist’s research?A. To discover new methods for interpreting facial expressions.B. To promote psychological well-being through cultural understanding.C. To examine the neural and cultural basis of emotion.D. To create avatars with random facial muscle movements.Q5. What does Lindquist mean by stating that emotions are like ‘cultural artifacts’?A. Emotions are inherited and evolved just like art and language.B. Emotions have no biological basis and are purely cultural.C. Emotions are ancient relics found in various cultures.D. Emotions are universal and not influenced by individual cultures.Q6. How does the experience of anger differ between the United States and Japan according to the text?A. In the U.S., anger results in increased inflammation, but not in Japan.B. In Japan, anger is about setting personal boundaries, unlike in the U.S.C. Both countries view anger as a disruption of group harmony.D. Anger in both countries leads to cardiovascular disease.Q7. What can be inferred from the statement that “emotions like anger and sadness and fear seem so basic”?A. These emotions are unnecessary for survival.B. They are regarded as fundamental across various cultures.C. People from all cultures react identically to threats.D. Such emotions do not influence the heart rate during danger.Q8. What is highlighted as a critical aspect to understand about facial expressions in different cultures?A. Facial expressions provide an accurate depiction of a person’s feelings.B. Facial expressions in the U.K. are universally recognized.C. All cultures perceive facial muscle movements similarly. D. There is variability in how certain facial muscle movements signify emotions.Q9. What conclusion can be drawn from the discussion of ‘the problem of other minds’?A. It is possible to fully understand the content of other people’s minds.B. Cultural biases do not influence our perception of others’ emotions.C. We cannot truly know what other people are thinking or feeling.D. People from similar cultures will always understand each other’s minds.Q10. How might recognizing individual psychological differences affect interactions in multicultural environments?A. It may lead to increased stress and miscommunication.B. It could cause people to assume that others share their biases.C. It might open more avenues for connections across different groups.D. It can result in people ignoring cultural diversity.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow Culture Shape Your PerceptionPowerful emotions feel like irrefutable facts. They wash over us, take over our bodies, and change our perceptions. (Q1) We call this ‘affective realism’ where your emotional experiences feel like they are the truth of the world around you, when, in reality, (Q2) the culture that we live in is, in a sense, shaping your emotions and your emotions are then serving as a lens for interpreting the world around you. And the notion that people could be thinking and feeling something that is completely different from what we would think or feel in that context is frankly kind of scary. But understanding that people don’t necessarily have the same emotional mind as us could really open our eyes to how it is that we’re perceiving interactions in day-to-day life.irrefutable adj. 无可辩驳的；不能否认的(Q3+Q4) I’m Kristen Lindquist, and I’m a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - and I study the neural and cultural basis of emotion.neuroscience n. 神经科学neural adj. 神经的；神经系统的(Q5) Emotions are like cultural artifacts. They’re things that are passed down over time from one individual to the next, like art and religion and the language that you speak. Now, I should clarify, this is not to say that there isn’t a biological basis for those things. All humans are born with the basic hardware that helps the brain create emotions, but it is not just biology that produces the process of evolution. Cultures evolve too. Culture very much defines who we are, who we see ourselves as, who we want to be. And the experiences that you’ve had, which are very much nested in culture, can trickle down to the operation of single neurons that are processing visual sensations in the world around you.One of the most prominent focuses of this work has been on cultures that are high in what’s called individualism versus cultures that are high in what’s called collectivism. As a case in point in the United States, which is a highly individualistic society, anger is about making yourself different from the people around you. It’s about showing that some sort of violation has occurred, setting a line in the sand and saying, “You did something wrong to me.” (Q6) And when individuals in the United States experience anger, we see an increase in inflammation. Too much inflammation, too much stress ends up creating things like cardiovascular disease and many other disorders.cardiovascular adj. 心血管的 (Q6) In Japan, anger does not show a robust increase in inflammation. In Japan, anger is a signal that harmony in the group has been disrupted and a signal to mend bonds. A different physiological response to the same exact emotional experience.(Q7) But emotions like anger and sadness and fear seem so basic, so critical to our survival. And surely people from cultures around the world experience threats and experience their hearts’ beating quickly when their lives are in danger. And that is not in question. The question is how it is that their brains are making meaning of those instances and experiencing them as something separate from other types of mental states.In much of the early theorizing about emotion, it was assumed that facial muscle movements were automatically triggered, means of signaling somebody’s internal state to other people. The theory has progressed on this over time to suggest that it may be that people are communicating what they feel with their facial expressions, but not automatically and reflexively, in much the same way that they would use language.There’s some nice work that has been done using computer graphics to randomly display an avatar’s face and randomly move its facial muscles. And so participants from China saw a movement of an eyebrow or a wrinkling of the lip that Western perceivers did not see. In the U.K., there were facial muscle movements associated with an emotion like anger that were not perceived to be associated with that emotion category in China. So there’s a fair amount of variability in which specific facial muscle movements are associated with different categories. And what’s really critical to understand is that the signals that people make with their face need not give some veridical representation of what it is that they’re feeling. But secondly, that we are imposing our own cultural biases onto people’s facial muscle movements. (Q9)This all comes down to something which in philosophy is called ‘the problem of other minds’, which is that we can never truly understand the content of other people’s minds. And yet, when we encounter people from different cultures in daily life, even within our own cities, people who come from different regional backgrounds, or have different religious backgrounds, or even have different political identities — it can be stressful to encounter other cultures and realize that something is just a little bit out of sync.out of sync 不同步(Q10) If you recognize that everybody’s psychology is a little bit distinct and that you are perhaps imposing your own bias onto things and have more of an open mind about trying to learn what somebody is feeling instead of assuming, then there’s more avenues for connections across groups.Each person is bringing to bear really something that is unique, a unique angle on the world around them. And ultimately, this diversity in perceptions could lead us to better answers about how it is that the world works.Part III. KEYQ1. C. 细节题。文章中提到：“We call this ‘affective realism’ where your emotional experiences feel like they are the truth of the world around you...”. 意为：“我们称之为‘情感现实主义’，即你的情感体验感觉就像是你周围世界的真相……”。这表明情感体验作为解释现实的一种透镜。因此答案为C。Q2. D. 细节题。文本中提到：“...the culture that we live in is, in a sense, shaping your emotions and your emotions are then serving as a lens for interpreting the world around you.” 意为：“在某种意义上，我们所生活的文化正在塑造你的情感，然后你的情感又作为一种透镜来解释你周围的世界。” 因此答案为D。Q3. B. 细节题。文本中提到：“I’m Kristen Lindquist, and I’m a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill...”。根据此句，Kristen Lindquist是北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的心理学和神经科学教授。因此答案为B。Q4. C. 细节题。文本中提到：“I study the neural and cultural basis of emotion.” 意为：“我研究情感的神经和文化基础。” 这反映了Kristen Lindquist研究的总体焦点。因此答案为C。Q5. A. 细节题。文章中提到：“Emotions are like cultural artifacts. They’re things that are passed down over time from one individual to the next, like art and religion and the language that you speak.” 意为：“情感就像文化产物。它们是随着时间从一个人传给另一个人的东西，就像艺术、宗教和你说的语言。” 这表示情感像艺术和语言一样，被继承并且演变。因此答案为A。Q6. A. 细节题。文章中提到：“And when individuals in the United States experience anger, we see an increase in inflammation... In Japan, anger does not show a robust increase in inflammation.” 意为：“当美国的个体经历愤怒时，我们观察到炎症水平的增加。而在日本，愤怒并没有显示出明显的炎症增加。” 因此答案为A。Q7. B. 推理题。文章中提到：“But emotions like anger and sadness and fear seem so basic, so critical to our survival.” 意为：“但是像愤怒、悲伤和恐惧这样的情绪看起来如此基本，对我们的生存至关重要。” 可推断出这些情绪被认为是跨越不同文化的基本情绪。因此答案为B。Q8. D. 细节题。文章中提到：“So there’s a fair amount of variability in which specific facial muscle movements are associated with different categories.” 意为：“所以，特定的面部肌肉运动与不同的情感类别的关联存在相当大的可变性。” 这意味着不同文化可能以不同的方式解读相同的面部肌肉运动，因此理解这种可变性对于了解不同文化中面部表情至关重要。因此答案为D。Q9. C. 推理题。文章中提到：“... ‘the problem of other minds’, which is that we can never truly understand the content of other people’s minds.” 意为：“……‘他心问题’，即我们永远无法真正理解其他人内心的想法。” 这说明我们不能确切地知道他人在思考或感受什么。因此答案为C。Q10. C. 推理题。文章最后提到：“If you recognize that everybody’s psychology is a little bit distinct...there’s more avenues for connections across groups.” 意为：“如果你认识到每个人的心理都有些不同……那么就有更多的途径来建立跨群体的联系。” 这表明，认识到个体心理差异可能会促进不同群体间建立更多的联系。因此答案为C。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)