全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2（思政智慧版）

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1（思政智慧版）

教学素材 | 人工智能会让你变笨吗？

Will AI Make You Stupid? 人工智能会让你变笨吗？难度：CET-6 偏难刘立军供稿Artificial intelligence (AI) promises greater efficiency and convenience—but is it silently weakening our ability to think? 人工智能（AI）会带来更高的效率和便利——但它是否也在悄悄削弱我们的思考能力？Early Warning Signs from Research 研究中的早期预警信号A recent MIT study raises serious concerns. Students using ChatGPT during essay-writing sessions displayed significantly reduced brain activity in regions tied to creativity and attention, as measured by EEG scans. They also struggled to recall specific parts of the content they had just written. This suggests that while AI may speed up tasks, it may also impair memory and critical engagement. 麻省理工学院最近的一项研究引发了严重担忧。研究发现，在撰写文章的过程中使用 ChatGPT 的学生，通过脑电图扫描测量的其与创造力和注意力相关的脑区活动显著减少。他们还难以回忆起自己刚刚写过的内容的具体部分。这表明，尽管人工智能可能加快任务的完成速度，但也可能损害记忆力和深度思考能力。This isn’t an isolated finding. Microsoft Research surveyed 319 professionals regularly using generative AI for over 900 tasks. Only around 60% of those tasks required deep thinking—most were routine and described as “mindless.” The majority of respondents admitted they exerted significantly less mental effort when using AI tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, or Copilot. 这并非孤立现象。微软研究院对319名经常使用生成式人工智能完成900多项任务的专业人士进行了调查。结果显示，只有大约60%的任务需要深入思考——大多数任务都是例行公事，被描述为“不动脑筋”的工作。大多数受访者承认，使用 ChatGPT、Gemini 或 Copilot 等 AI 工具时，他们的脑力投入明显减少。Similarly, a study by Michael Gerlich at SBS Swiss Business School found that heavy AI users scored lower on critical-thinking assessments. Hundreds of educators reached out to him afterward, confirming they’ve seen the same trend in classrooms: students increasingly dependent on AI struggle with independent reasoning. 同样，SBS 瑞士商学院Michael Gerlich博士的研究也发现，频繁使用人工智能的人在批判性思维评估中的得分较低。研究发表后，数百名教育工作者联系了他，证实他们在课堂上也观察到了类似趋势：越来越依赖 AI 的学生在独立思考方面遇到了困难。Is AI the Cause—or Just a Symptom? 是 AI 导致的，还是只是表象？Researchers caution that these studies don’t yet prove a direct causal link. The MIT study had only 54 participants, and Gerlich’s findings may reflect a different issue: perhaps those who already lack strong critical thinking skills are more likely to rely on AI. Still, the consistent pattern across different studies makes this an issue worth urgent attention. 研究人员警告说，这些研究尚未证明人工智能使用与思维能力下降之间存在直接的因果关系。麻省理工的研究仅涉及54名参与者，而 Gerlich博士的发现可能反映了另一个问题：也许那些原本缺乏批判性思维能力的人更倾向于依赖 AI。尽管如此，不同研究中一致的结果表明，这个问题值得高度关注。The Bigger Risk: Outsourcing Thought 更大的风险：外包思考Throughout history, technological tools have helped reduce mental workload—writing, calculators, GPS. But as psychologist Evan Risko notes, generative AI introduces a new level of cognitive offloading. While it’s harmless to delegate arithmetic, offloading complex thinking—like writing, decision-making, or problem-solving—could weaken our cognitive endurance over time. 纵观历史，技术工具一直在帮助人们减轻脑力负担——从文字书写、计算器到 GPS。但正如心理学家 Evan Risko 所指出的，生成式 AI 引入了一种新的“认知外包”层次。虽然将算术任务交给机器无伤大雅，但将写作、决策或解决问题等涉及复杂思考的任务外包，可能会逐渐削弱我们的认知耐力。This could lead to a self-reinforcing loop of “cognitive miserliness,” where users consistently choose the path of least effort. As AI becomes the default, our brains grow accustomed to underperforming. One participant in Gerlich’s study admitted: “I rely so much on AI that I don’t think I’d know how to solve certain problems without it.” 这可能导致一种“认知懒惰”的循环，即用户总是选择最省力的方式，且这一循环会自我强化。当 AI 成为默认选项，我们的大脑也会逐渐习惯低效运作。Gerlich博士的研究中有一位参与者坦言：“我对 AI 如此依赖，甚至我觉得没有它我都不知道怎么解决一些问题。”The Economic and Creative Cost 经济与创造力的代价Businesses are betting heavily on AI for productivity gains. But there’s a catch. Barbara Larson of Northeastern University warns that a long-term decline in critical thinking could reduce competitiveness—and make workers more replaceable. 企业正大力押注 AI 来提升生产力。但这也存在隐患。东北大学的 Barbara Larson教授警告说，长期来看，批判性思维能力的下降可能会削弱企业的竞争力，让员工更容易被取代。Creativity is also at risk. In one study, participants were asked to come up with novel uses for objects like a car tyre or a pair of trousers. Those exposed to AI suggestions gave less original answers. For example, ChatGPT proposed using trousers as part of a scarecrow—essentially, trousers as trousers. A human, unaided, turned them into a quirky bird feeder. Clearly, relying on AI can narrow the scope of imagination. 创造力也面临威胁。在一项研究中，参与者被要求想象一个汽车轮胎或一条裤子有什么新的用途。接受过 AI 建议的人给出的答案缺乏原创性。例如，ChatGPT 提议将裤子用作稻草人的一部分——本质上还是作为裤子的用途。而一个没有借助 AI 的人则将其改造成了一种有趣的鸟食器。显然，过度依赖 AI 会限制想象力的广度。Smarter Ways to Use AI 更聪明地使用 AI 的方法The solution isn’t to abandon AI—but to use it more wisely. Dr. Larson advises treating AI as a helpful but naive assistant, not an expert. Dr. Gerlich recommends prompting AI step by step, rather than asking for a final answer. Instead of “Where should I go for a sunny holiday?” start with “Which destinations have the least rainfall?” This preserves the user’s role as the thinker. 解决方案不是放弃 AI，而是更聪明地使用它。Larson 博士建议将 AI 视为一个有用但不够成熟的助手，而不是专家。Gerlich博士则建议分步骤向 AI 提问，而不是直接要一个最终答案。例如，不要问“我该去哪里度假？”而是先问“哪些地方降雨最少？”，这样可以保留用户作为思考者的角色。Microsoft researchers are also exploring AI designs that encourage critical thinking. Some experimental chatbots interrupt users with challenging prompts or probing questions—transforming them from passive answer machines into interactive thought partners. A concept that Socrates, the father of inquiry-based learning, would likely applaud. 微软的研究人员也在探索鼓励批判性思维的 AI 设计。一些实验性聊天机器人会通过带有挑战性的提示词或探究性的提问来打断用户，将自身从被动的回答机器转变为互动型的思考伙伴。这种理念或许会受到苏格拉底——探究式学习之父——的赞赏。The Limits of Forcing Engagement 强制参与的局限性Yet even thoughtful interventions can backfire. A study found that AI “provocations” reduced performance in weaker programmers. And more forceful methods—like requiring users to generate their own response before accessing AI—are unlikely to be welcomed. As Microsoft’s Zana Buçinca explains, “People don’t like to be pushed to engage.” Indeed, a global survey by Oliver Wyman showed that 47% of respondents would use generative AI tools even if banned by their employer. 然而，即使是经过深思熟虑的干预也可能适得其反。一项研究发现，AI 的“挑战性提问”反而会降低编程能力较弱者的表现。而更强制性的方法——比如要求用户在访问 AI 前必须先自行生成答案——也不太可能受欢迎。正如来自微软的Zana Buçinca 所说：“人们不喜欢被强迫去思考。”事实上，奥纬咨询公司（Oliver Wyman）的一项全球调查显示，47%的受访者即使雇主禁止，也会继续使用生成式 AI 工具。A Tool, Not a Crutch AI：工具，而非拐杖AI is still young, and for now, the human brain remains the most versatile tool we have. But we must be careful not to trade long-term mental sharpness for short-term convenience. If strong evidence continues to show that AI dulls critical and creative thinking, we’ll face a choice: adjust how we use it—or risk becoming intellectually dependent on it. 人工智能仍处于早期阶段，目前，人类大脑仍然是我们最灵活的工具。但我们必须小心，不要为了短期便利而牺牲长期的思维敏锐性。如果越来越多的证据显示 AI 确实削弱了批判性与创造性思维，我们将面临一个选择：调整使用方式——或冒着在智力上对AI愈加依赖的风险。The question is not just can AI make us less intelligent—but will we notice before it does? 问题不仅仅是 AI 是否会让人类变笨——而在于我们是否在它将我们变笨之前就能察觉到？【词汇】 1. offload v. 卸载，转移 2. miserliness n. 吝啬 3. quirky adj. 匆匆做成的，速成的 4. backfire v. 事与愿违，产生反效果 5. crutch n. 拐杖，依赖物 （本文图片均来源于网络，仅供学习交流使用，侵删）

新闻听力 | 空气污染伤害儿童大脑

空气污染伤害儿童大脑Air pollution damages young brains常速 | 六级 偏易 | 846词 | 5min57s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What are some health issues caused by air pollution according to Maria Neira?A. Stroke, asthma, and lung cancer.B. Diabetes and arthritis.C. Obesity and high blood pressure.D. Depression and anxiety.Q2. Why are children more vulnerable to air pollution?A. They spend less time indoors.B. They are less likely to follow safety guidelines.C. They are more exposed to household fuels.D. They have faster breathing rates and developing lungs.Q3. What measures can individuals take to reduce exposure to air pollution?A. Avoiding cooking at home.B. Using cleaner fuels for cooking.C. Exercising in congested areas.D. Spending more time outdoors.Q4. What does Maria Neira imply about government actions on air pollution?A. Governments have done enough to combat air pollution.B. Individual efforts are more effective than government actions.C. Bold legislation and interventions are essential.D. Air pollution is not a priority for most governments.Q5. Which city has reduced air pollution by 50% in the last 20 years?A. Paris.B. London.C. Bogota.D. New Delhi.Q6. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To explain the causes of air pollution.B. To highlight the impact of air pollution on health and possible solutions.C. To discuss the economic effects of air pollution.D. To analyze the history of air pollution in major cities.Part II. TRANSCRIPTAir pollution damages young brainsVGS: What if the air your child is breathing is harming their brain? Stealing them of their chance to learn, thrive and grow? This invisible danger is real, urgent and happening now. We are talking about air pollution and its impact on our brain, and what countries are doing to stop it, from London to Bogota. New studies have emerged linking air pollution to dementia, anxiety and depression affecting your brain and mental health. We are talking to Doctor Maria Neira today. Welcome, Maria. Let’s start with the impact of air pollution on our health.dementia n. 痴呆MN: Thanks Vismita. Yes. Air pollution is the biggest environmental risk factor for our health. Every year we have 7 million deaths caused by exposure to air pollution. This is a horrible number. Let me give you another figure. Nine out of ten people in the world is breathing air, which quality’s not aligned with the recommendations, the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Those little tiny particles in the polluted air, they can go very deep in our lungs. And they can affect as well our brain. (Q1) But air pollution is not just affecting our lungs and our brain; it’s affecting as well the rest of our body responsible for stroke, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and even lung cancer.align v. 对齐，使一致cardiovascular adj. 心血管的asthma n. 哮喘VGS: So, Maria, you talked about the tiny particles, the PM 2.5 and PM10 that we’ve all heard about, right. But it’s not just that. It’s also the gases, the carbon monoxide, ozone, etc., right? I remember when we were in New Delhi, our child, my daughter, was very young at that time. We worried about her lung health, but we also worried about her cognitive development in that kind of air pollution. Can you elaborate on the impact of air pollution on children’s health?monoxide n. 一氧化物cognitive adj. 认知的MN: Let me give you an example. When you are pregnant, if you are exposed to high levels of pollution, then you might be at risk of low birth weight, premature birth, and even problems from the development of the fetus. As a child, this child, exposed to high levels of pollution, will have difficulties and more likely to develop asthma, for instance, in later in life, chronic health issues. In addition to that, (Q2) children are obviously more at risk first because they are on development. They have little lungs in their bodies developing, and then they breathe faster than we do. So they take more quantity of air for their size, and they play outside so that we have more exposure and they cannot control the exposure. So it’s our responsibility to protect them and make sure that the health of our children is develop in a healthy environment.fetus n. 胎儿VGS: Maria, if nine out of ten people are breathing polluted air, how can we protect our health?MN: We definitely have some individual measures we can take. We can reduce exposure by avoiding maybe the most trafficked roads or the most congested areas in the city where you leave for avoiding to practice a sport or walking in those very polluted places, (Q3) or even at home looking at the fuels you use for cooking and making sure that you use the cleanest possible ones. However, those are the individual choices and you are not always able to take those choices. (Q4) So it’s more a question of governments taking very bold legislation, measures and interventions to protect all of us.trafficked adj. 交通繁忙的congested adj. 堵塞的，拥挤的VGS: So, Maria, we know that this feels overwhelming, right? Feels like what can individuals do? Can you give us examples of cities or countries where this has been turned around and air pollution has been reduced drastically?MN: Absolutely. And we have perfect demonstration that it can be done. For instance, the European Union, the European Parliament has just adopted a directive on air quality, which is very much aligned to WTO recommendations and guidelines. That will create a big protection for the health of the Europeans under that legislation. We have examples as well in China, where they have demonstrated that you can reduce air pollution while still maintaining a good economic growth. And then cities, you can obtain incredible results. (Q5) The mayor of Paris has been able to reduce by 50% in the last 20 years the air pollution and therefore all the diseases associated by putting in place some traffic recommendations, green spaces, and more lines for pedestrians and bicycles. We have the London experience as well ultra low emissions zones, demonstrating that air pollution was reduced and respiratory diseases associated. (We) have Colombia. In Bogota, they are putting in place a fleet of buses which are 100% electric. And so there are very good examples. There are many, but we need to push for more. And of course, imagine where everybody will be aware and putting in place these directives and recommendations. It would be a healthier environment for all of us and our health will be so much benefited.ultra adj. 超级的respiratory adj. 呼吸的VGS: Thank you Maria. That was Science in Five today. And until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy, and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1.【答案】A【解析】细节题。题目出处：But air pollution is not just affecting our lungs, and our brain is affecting as well the rest of our body responsible for stroke, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and even lung cancer. 意为：空气污染不仅影响我们的肺和大脑，还影响我们的身体其他部分，导致中风、心血管疾病、哮喘，甚至肺癌。因此正确答案为A。Q2.【答案】D【解析】细节题。题目出处：Children are obviously more at risk first because they are on development. They have little lungs in their bodies developing, and then they breathe faster than we do. 意为：儿童显然更容易受影响，首先是因为他们处于发育阶段；他们的肺部还在发育，并且呼吸频率比我们快。因此正确答案为D。Q3.【答案】B【解析】细节题。题目出处：... even at home looking at the fuels you use for cooking and making sure that you use the cleanest possible ones. 意为：甚至在家里，也要检查你用来做饭的燃料，确保使用尽可能清洁的燃料。因此正确答案为B。Q4.【答案】C【解析】推理题。题目出处：So it’s more a question of governments taking very bold legislation, measures and interventions to protect all of us. 意为：所以更重要的是政府采取非常大胆的立法、措施和干预来保护我们所有人。由此可以推断，玛丽亚认为政府采取果断措施是解决空气污染的关键，因此正确答案为C。Q5.【答案】A【解析】细节题。题目出处：The mayor of Paris has been able to reduce by 50% in the last 20 years the air pollution. 意为：巴黎市长在过去20年里将空气污染减少了50%。因此正确答案为A。Q6.【答案】B【解析】主旨题。文章主要讨论了空气污染对健康的影响，并提供了可能的解决方案。题目出处：We are talking about air pollution and its impact on our brain. And what countries are doing to stop it. 意为：我们在讨论空气污染及其对我们大脑的影响，以及各国正在采取的措施来阻止它。因此正确答案为B。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

教学素材 | 《卫报》评论：莫让AI掩盖青年才俊的光芒

《卫报》评论：莫让AI掩盖青年才俊的光芒The Guardian view on the graduate jobs crunch: AI must not be allowed to eclipse young talent 词汇：考研 | 句法：六级 | 文本：考研刘立军供稿As annual degree ceremonies take place on campuses across the country, new graduates will doubtless be turning their thoughts to enjoying some stress-free time off. Given the current state of the labor market, some may be forced to make that break a long one. 随着全国各地高校陆续举行一年一度的毕业典礼，新一届毕业生无疑会想着享受一段轻松无忧的假期。然而，鉴于当前就业市场的严峻形势，有些人可能不得不把这段空档期拉得很长。For university leavers, these are worrying times. A mounting pile of data suggests that accessing the kind of entry-level jobs that traditionally put degree holders on a path to professional success is becoming ever harder. One report published last month by the job-search site Indeed found that the market for young people fresh out of university is tougher than at any time since 2018. Compared with last year, the number of jobs advertised for recent graduates is down 33%. 对于即将走出大学校门的年轻人来说，这是个令人焦虑的时期。越来越多的数据表明，进入那些传统上为大学毕业生铺就职业成功之路的入门级岗位，正变得越来越困难。求职网站Indeed 上个月发布的一份报告显示，应届毕业生所面临的就业市场比自2018年以来任何时期都要严峻。与去年相比，面向应届毕业生的职位数量下降了33%。Some of the squeeze can be put down to a general slowdown in hiring, as employers opt for caution in an unpredictable, growth-starved economic climate. Another analysis, published this week, found that the number of entry-level jobs on offer throughout the labour market has fallen. But the steepest drop-off appears to be in professional occupations, where the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) may be beginning to affect the bottom rungs of the white-collar career ladder. 部分原因是整体招聘活动放缓，雇主们在经济前景不明朗、增长乏力的环境下选择谨慎行事。本周发布的另一项分析也发现，整个劳动力市场上提供的入门级岗位数量有所减少。但降幅最显著的领域似乎集中在专业岗位。在这类岗位中，人工智能（AI）的影响可能已开始波及白领职业阶梯的最底层。According to some analysts, a growing number of companies are using AI to perform many of the collative, summarizing or research-heavy kind of tasks that young graduates might previously have done. IBM’s human resources department now deploys AI to perform 94% of routine tasks, including performance reviews and development plans. Other employers may be hiring fewer graduates than in the past on the assumption that the use of AI will transform their productivity. 一些分析人士指出，越来越多的公司正在使用人工智能来完成许多原本由年轻毕业生承担的工作任务，比如资料整理、总结归纳或研究密集型工作。例如，IBM 的人力资源部门现在利用人工智能完成了94%的常规性任务，包括绩效评估和发展计划制定。其他雇主也可能因预期人工智能能提高效率而减少了对毕业生的招聘。For a graduate cohort whose education was blighted by the pandemic, and which is burdened by an average student debt of about £45,000, such developments risk stunting careers before they have begun. Recruitment systems are steadily being transformed through the introduction of AI-driven sifting processes, in which applications are rejected without a human judgment being made. A sustained contraction of the graduate job market, as pathways into professional careers are shortsightedly shut down in the name of cost savings, would further undermine trust between the generations at a time when it is already in short supply. 对于那些学业受到疫情影响、平均背负约4.5万英镑学生债务的毕业生而言，这样的趋势可能会在职业生涯尚未起步时就造成阻碍。与此同时，招聘系统也在悄然发生变化，越来越多的企业采用基于人工智能的筛选机制，导致许多职位申请在缺乏人工判断的情况下就被直接回绝。如果企业在追求节约成本的过程中，盲目关闭通往专业岗位的通道，加之毕业生就业市场持续萎缩，只会进一步削弱本已脆弱的代际信任。The technology minister, Peter Kyle, has urged businesses and employees to “act now” in gaining AI skills or risk being left behind, and the government hopes to collaborate with tech companies to deliver training to 7.5 million workers. But a focus on those hoping to enter the digitized workplace is also clearly needed. The evidence that entry-level jobs in areas such as law, finance and consulting are becoming scarcer should set alarm bells ringing in both government and boardrooms. 科技大臣彼得·凯尔敦促企业和员工“立即行动”，掌握人工智能相关技能，否则将被时代抛弃。政府也希望与科技公司合作，为750万名工人提供培训。然而，我们显然也需要特别关注那些即将进入数字化职场的年轻人。法律、金融和咨询等领域的入门岗位日益稀缺，这一趋势应该引起政府和企业高层的高度警觉。Politically and economically, the country cannot afford to waste the acquired skills, creativity and dynamism of those who have actually come of age in the digitized world. That may mean companies eventually reimagining the spectrum of early career opportunities that can be offered to recent graduates. But business and government should make it a priority to ensure that they are given the openings and encouragement they need in a rapidly transforming environment. Innovations such as ChatGPT have become embedded in everyday life at vertiginous speed. But their benefits must not come at the expense of the young talent that will be crucial to shaping our future. 从政治和经济层面来看，国家承担不起浪费这部分人才潜能的代价——他们是真正在数字化时代成长起来的群体，拥有已习得的专业技能、创新能力与活力。这意味着企业最终需要重新思考并拓展面向应届毕业生的早期职业机会。政府和企业必须优先确保这些年轻人能够在快速变革的环境中获得应有的机会和激励。像 ChatGPT 这样的创新技术已经以惊人的速度融入日常生活。但它们带来的便利，绝不应以牺牲未来塑造者——年轻人才的利益为代价。【词汇】1. rung n. 梯级，等级 2. cohort n. 群体，同龄人 3. pandemic n. 大流行病 4. stunt v. 阻碍 5. contraction n. 收缩，缩减 6. digitize v. 数字化 7. dynamism n. 活力，动力 8. vertiginous adj. 令人眩晕的，陡峭的 （本文图片均来源于网络，仅供学习交流使用，侵删）

新闻听力 | 呼吸难题的根源？

呼吸难题的根源？Is pollution causing your COPD?常速 | 六级（CET-6）较易 | 923词 | 5min14s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the primary function of the air sacs mentioned in the context of emphysema?A. To filter out pollutants from the air.B. To provide a site for gas exchange.C. To regulate the moisture in the airways.D. To store excess air and prevent overinflation.Q2. In what way does indoor air pollution contribute to the risk of COPD?A. By causing direct damage to the air sacs.B. By reducing the availability of oxygen.C. Through exposure to biomass fuels during cooking.D. By increasing the levels of humidity in enclosed spaces.Q3. According to Doctor Sarah Rylan, what is the impact of lung growth and development on the risk of COPD?A. Early exposure to pollutants can permanently stunt lung growth.B. Lungs reach full potential by the age of 30.C. Proper lung development guarantees no risk of COPD.D. The risk of COPD is highest in those who have never had respiratory infections.Q4. How does the conversation suggest that COPD can be prevented or its progression slowed?A. By avoiding all risk factors.B. By ensuring that all children are born at a normal weight and without premature birth.C. By completely eliminating indoor and outdoor air pollution.D. By treating asthma effectively in childhood.Q5. What is the primary message of the conversation regarding COPD?A. COPD is a preventable condition if proper measures are taken.B. COPD is incurable, but manageable with the right treatment.C. COPD is a disease that primarily affects children and teenagers.D. The symptoms of COPD are immediate and severe from the outset.Q6. What is the implication of the statement “it’s not normal to be breathless” in the context of COPD?A. All cases of breathlessness should be medically evaluated.B. Breathlessness is a symptom that requires immediate hospitalization.C. Breathlessness is an expected part of aging and should be ignored.D. COPD patients should not accept breathlessness as a normal state.Q7. What is the first step in managing COPD according to the conversation?A. Seeking pulmonary rehabilitation.B. Stopping smoking if applicable.C. Starting inhaled treatments.D. Taking regular exercise.Q8. What is the significance of pulmonary rehabilitation in the management of COPD?A. It helps patients to strengthen their lung capacity through exercise.B. It provides a cure for COPD.C. It is a surgical procedure to remove damaged lung tissue.D. It involves the use of advanced respiratory equipment at home.Q9. What is the role of vaccination in the treatment plan for COPD as mentioned by Doctor Sarah Rylan?A. To prevent the common cold.B. To alleviate the symptoms of COPD.C. To protect against flu and other respiratory infections.D. To improve the effectiveness of inhaled treatments.Part II. TRANSCRIPTIs pollution causing your COPD?VGS: We’re standing next to this big no smoking sign in the W.H.O. headquarters. And also we’re standing next to a very busy street. Air pollution and tobacco smoking. Two of the biggest risk factors for disease we are going to talk about today — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sarah, a lot of people may not know what chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is, even if they may have the disease and may not know how to recognize it. Talk to us about what it is.pulmonary adj. 肺的，与肺有关的SR: So COPD is a group of conditions which affect the lungs of adults and cause obstruction of the airways, chronic bronchitis or emphysema or other terms that you might have heard to talk about this. In COPD, we have damage and we have inflammation to different parts of the airways. Depending on which parts are affected, it can affect people differently, and this can lead to different symptoms.bronchitis n. 支气管炎emphysema n. 肺气肿 VGS: So, Sarah, if people have COPD, how would they know what is actually happening inside us?SR: So the symptoms of COPD come on slowly and often become worse gradually. Someone might notice, for example, that they are having difficulty going about their normal daily life. Sometimes people notice first that they’re having difficulty in walking, particularly going up a hill. Or if they have to take the stairs, they may become breathless. As things progress, it might become that they then start to find it difficult to get dressed in the morning, for example, or to do normal daily household chores. In severe cases, it can become so bad that people are breathless even when they are talking or eating. Sometimes symptoms can become suddenly worse as well. This is called a flare-up or an exacerbation. At that time, people would need to get additional medical treatment. Sometimes they even needed to be admitted to hospital for that. The exact symptoms depend on what is happening inside of the lungs. So if I have chronic bronchitis, then my airways are inflamed. They’re swollen, there’s mucus. And so if I have that, then I will be coughing or I’ll be coughing up phlegm or mucus. And I might also be breathless. In emphysema, (Q1) we find that at the end of the airways there are little air sacs, and these can become damaged. And then air collects in these air sacs, and it means that people can’t breathe out fully, so their lungs are overinflated. They have this feeling of their lungs being full all of the time, and it creates a feeling of breathlessness.exacerbation n. 加重，恶化inflame v. 使发炎，激怒mucus n. 粘液，痰phlegm n. 痰，黏液sac n. 囊，气囊VGS: Other than smoking and air pollution, what are the causes of COPD?SR: There are lots of different things that can cause COPD. In the past, people really attributed COPD to smoking, and your risk of COPD increases with the more cigarettes that you smoke every day or the longer that you’ve smoked for. But we now know there are other things too. Air pollution is one that you’ve mentioned. (Q2) This could be indoor air pollution. So exposure through when people are cooking on biomass fuels, for example, like wood or charcoal inside an enclosed space, or outdoor air pollution from traffic or from industry factories, these kinds of things.biomass n. 生物质燃料（如木材、木炭等）charcoal n. 木炭，炭VGS : Sarah, are some people more susceptible to COPD?SR: So actually, yes, our lungs start growing and developing even before we are born, and they continue to grow and develop throughout childhood, throughout teenage years until they reach their maximum potential in your early 20s. (Q3) If you’re exposed to things during that period of lung growth and development that stop your lungs from growing and developing in this way, then this means that you never reach that full potential and you’re at increased risk of COPD. If your mother smokes, or is exposed to air pollution or tobacco smoke during pregnancy. If you’re born very small or born early, if you have severe respiratory infections during childhood, all of these things impact your lung growth and development. That means you reach adulthood without having grown your lungs to their full size, if you like. So you’re at more risk of developing COPD. (Q4) Asthma is another risk factor. If people have asthma in childhood, particularly if it’s poorly treated, then that can be a risk factor. There are also some genetic conditions that can predispose to COPD.respiratory adj. 呼吸的，呼吸系统的asthma n. 哮喘genetic adj. 遗传的，基因的predispose v. 使倾向于，预先安排VGS: So that’s actually alarming, that if a mother is breathing air pollution and is a smoker, then the chances of the child developing COPD increases, especially alarming because nine out of ten people are breathing air that’s unhealthy for them. Is there a treatment for COPD?SR: (Q5) If COPD is diagnosed early and appropriate treatment is started promptly, then people with COPD can live as full of a life as possible. (Q6) Remember, it’s not normal to be breathless, and it’s not just people who smoke that get COPD. (Q7) The important things are firstly, to stop smoking if people smoke. (Q8) Secondly, to take regular exercise, and there are special programs called pulmonary rehabilitation for people with COPD to help strengthen their lungs. Thirdly, there are various inhaled treatments that are available which work in different ways inside the lungs that can be helpful. Lastly, (Q9-1) it’s very important to protect from infection. So if someone has COPD, (Q9-2) it’s really important that they get vaccinated against flu and Covid, for example, other respiratory infections.inhale v. 吸入，吸气vaccinate v. 给…接种疫苗VGS: Thank you, Sarah. That was science and five today. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy, and stick with science. Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。根据“at the end of the airways there are little air sacs, and these can become damaged. And then air collects in these air sacs, and it means that people can’t breathe out fully, so their lungs are overinflated.”，可知在气道的末端有小气囊，这些可能会受损。然后空气会积聚在这些气囊中，导致患者无法完全呼出气体，肺部过度膨胀，由此可以推断气囊的主要功能是气体交换。因此答案为B。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。根据“This could be indoor air pollution. So exposure through when people are cooking on biomass fuels, for example, like wood or charcoal inside an enclosed space...”，可知室内空气污染，比如人们在封闭空间内使用使用木材、木炭等生物质燃料做饭时接触到的污染物而增加COPD的风险。因此答案为C。Q3. A.【解析】细节题。根据“If you’re exposed to things during that period of lung growth and development that stop your lungs from growing and developing in this way, then this means that you never reach that full potential and you’re at increased risk of COPD.”，可知如果在肺生长发育期间接触到阻止肺其正常发育的物质，那么肺部就无法达到应有的发育水平，你患COPD的风险就会增加。由此可知，早期接触污染物可能会永久阻碍肺的生长。因此答案为A。Q4. D.【解析】推理题。根据“Asthma is another risk factor. If people have asthma in childhood, particularly if it’s poorly treated, then that can be a risk factor.”，可知哮喘是另一个风险因素。如果人们在儿童时期患有哮喘，特别是如果治疗不当，那么这可能是一个风险因素。由此推理，通过在儿童时期有效治疗哮喘可以预防或减缓COPD的发展。因此答案为D。Q5. B.【解析】主旨题。整个对话都在讨论COPD的症状、原因和治疗方法，特别是在“if COPD is diagnosed early and appropriate treatment is started promptly, then people with COPD can live as full of a life as possible.”这句话中强调了尽管COPD是是不可治愈的，但若早期诊断并及时治疗，是可以控制的。因此答案为B。Q6. D.【解析】推理题。根据“Remember, it’s not normal to be breathless, and it’s not just people who smoke that get COPD.”，可知气喘不是正常现象，而且不仅仅是吸烟的人会得COPD。这句话是在提醒COPD患者不应该将气喘视为一种正常状态，而应该及时寻求诊断和治疗。因此答案为D。Q7. B.【解析】细节题。根据“The important things are firstly, to stop smoking if people smoke.”，可知管理COPD的第一步就是戒烟。因此答案为B。Q8. A.【解析】细节题。根据“Secondly, to take regular exercise, and there are special programs called pulmonary rehabilitation for people with COPD to help strengthen their lungs.”，可知，肺康复对于COPD患者来说，是通过定期锻炼来帮助加强肺部功能。因此答案为A。Q9. C.【解析】细节题。根据“it’s very important to protect from infection”以及“it’s really important that they get vaccinated against flu and Covid, for example, other respiratory infections.”，可知接种流感和Covid疫苗非常重要，可以保护患者免受流感和其他呼吸道感染。因此答案为C。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 写作提升小技巧

写作提升小技巧Tips for Better Writing慢速 | 四级（高考）标准 | 493词 | 3min57s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does Jennifer Ahern-Dodson inquire about when starting a conversation about writing?A. The preferred writing styles of her students.B. Their previous encounters with writing, whether negative or positive.C. The most common mistakes made in academic writing.D. The students’ and professors’ favorite types of essays to write.Q2. What does the report suggest is a primary concern for students when writing papers?A. The ability to express their personal opinions.B. The complexity of the research topic.C. The exact length and format requirements of the paper.D. The quality of their grammar and punctuation.Q3. What can be inferred about the impact of anxiety on writing from the report?A. It is beneficial for writers to feel anxious about their work.B. Anxiety can significantly hinder the writing process.C. Anxiety is only a problem for writers who are not native speakers.D. Anxiety is irrelevant to the quality of writing.Q4. What advice does Jennifer Ahern-Dodson give to help writers shift their focus from the final product?A. To contemplate the consequences of not doing well.B. To consider the personal significance of the subject matter.C. To worry about the length and format of the paper.D. To focus on the audience and what they want to convey. Q5. What is the main purpose of the Education Report segment according to the text?A. To provide tips for better writing.B. To discuss the challenges of writing in a second language.C. To promote the work of Jennifer Ahern-Dodson.D. To announce upcoming events at Duke University.Part II. TRANSCRIPTTips for Better WritingToday we continue our series of expert suggestions for academic writing. Our guest is Jennifer Ahern-Dodson, assistant professor of the Practice in Writing Studies at Duke University in North Carolina.Ms. Ahern-Dodson starts a conversation with both students and professors planning to write a paper or essay. (Q1) She asks about their earlier writing experiences. Were they negative or positive?She advises that you are not alone if you have had problems with your writing. She says everyone struggles with writing.“Writing is hard. All writers struggle at some point. And even if writing has come easily for you, at some point in your work as a student, that eventually you’re going to hit a roadblock. And so part of what I like to get folks thinking about is — besides writing’s hard for everybody — is to really take a moment to think about their past writing experiences. And when the writing is going well, what was happening? When the writing wasn’t going well, what was happening?”She says most people’s negative writing experiences happened because a very special formula is required for a paper including an exact length.“(Q2) And so they primarily focus on, and worry about, what the final product has to look like, like how many pages for a research essay? Or if it is in the second or third language, you know, punctuation and grammar, like whether it gets communicated in the right language.”punctuation n. 标点符号“And so focusing on the end makes it really hard to get started.”Another problem can arise when the need to do well on a paper is extremely important.“...like a timed essay exam, or a college application essay, or a research paper that is at the end of the semester, and it’s tied to the entire grade for the class. (Q3) So worrying about what will happen if they don’t do well — get bad grades, don’t get into college — creates, of course, significant anxiety. And that can make it harder to get the writing done.”Then she and the people she’s helping move to more positive projects. She says usually when writing comes easily, the writers feel they have something important to say.The teacher advises asking yourself questions. What personal understanding of the subject can you bring to your paper? Why is this subject important? For whom is it meaningful? Who will be reading it?“(Q4) Think about who your audience is, and what it is that you really want to say to them. And what that can do is help you switch from the final product and what it can look like (to) really more on what you have to offer, your particular perspective.”She says that is an important change for all writers.Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。根据“She asks about their earlier writing experiences. Were they negative or positive?”，可知Dodson她关注的是他们之前写作的经历，是消极的还是积极的。因此答案是B。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。根据“And so they primarily focus on, and worry about, what the final product has to look like, like how many pages for a research essay?”，可知学生们主要关注并担心最终产品的样子，比如研究论文需要多少页？这表明学生在写作时最关心的是论文的确切长度和格式要求。因此答案是C。Q3. B.【解析】推理题。根据“So worrying about what will happen if they don’t do well ... creates, of course, significant anxiety. And that can make it harder to get the writing done.”，可知担心表现不佳会产生焦虑，而这种焦虑会使写作变得更加困难。因此答案是B。Q4. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Think about who your audience is, and what it is that you really want to say to them.”，可知Dodson建议作家思考他们的读者是谁，以及他们真正想要传达的信息，以帮助他们从过分关注最终产品，转向更关注自己想要提供的内容上。因此答案是D。Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。整个文本的主旨在于提供写作建议，这可以从标题“Tips for Better Writing”和整个报道的内容中得出。因此答案是A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 美国医保高管谋杀案嫌犯出庭

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