全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程1

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1（思政智慧版）

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

猫薄荷为何让猫“疯狂”？

猫薄荷为何让猫“疯狂”？Why Does Catnip Make Cats Go Crazy?文本难度：考研刘立军供稿Of the many bewildering behaviors cats display, one of the strangest is their obsession with a specific species of plant. After just one whiff, even the most stoic cat can start pawing, drooling, biting, and wriggling in a state of pure feline euphoria. So, why do cats go crazy for catnip? This is the question cat behavior expert Masao Miyazaki and chemist Toshio Nishikawa set out to answer in 2013. Along with their research teams from Iwate and Nagoya University, they began by studying silvervine – a plant that sparks a similar response to catnip.猫咪有着许多令人费解的行为，其中最奇特的莫过于对某一特定植物的痴迷。即便是最冷静自持的猫，哪怕只是闻上一口，也会瞬间陷入抓挠、流口水、啃咬、翻滚的状态，沉浸在纯粹的猫咪欢愉中。那么，猫咪究竟为什么会为猫薄荷神魂颠倒？2013年，猫咪行为学家宫崎正夫与化学家西川俊夫便带着这一问题展开了研究。他们与来自岩手大学与名古屋大学的研究团队携手，先从木天蓼这种植物入手——这是一种同样能在猫身上引发和猫薄荷相似反应的植物。First, the researchers painstakingly extracted chemical compounds from the plant and dribbled various combinations of them onto filter paper. Then they brought in some cats and studied which compounds they were drawn to. Overwhelmingly, their feline testers pounced on the papers containing nepetalactol. And when Miyazaki and his student Reiko Uenoyama ran blood tests on the cats who’d interacted with nepetalactol, they found their systems were flooded with endorphins. These hormones block pain signals, relieve stress, and generally create a happy, calming effect. And catnip triggers the same endorphin rush with a similar chemical called nepetalactone, and it’s this flood of happy hormones that gives catnip and silvervine their signature drug-like response.研究人员先是费尽心力，从木天蓼中提取各类化合物，再把不同配比的提取物滴在滤纸上。随后，他们找来猫咪，观察哪些化学成分会吸引它们。结果显而易见，绝大多数受试猫咪都径直扑向含有荆芥内酯醇（nepetalactol）的滤纸。宫崎正夫和他的学生上野山怜子对接触过荆芥内酯醇的猫咪进行血液检测，发现它们体内会大量分泌内啡肽。这类激素能够阻断痛觉信号、缓解压力，带来愉悦、镇定的感受。而猫薄荷则是借助一种结构相近的物质——荆芥内酯，同样能刺激猫体内大量释放内啡肽。正是这种快乐激素的迸发，让猫薄荷和木天蓼产生了标志性的、类似药物带来的反应。These compounds don’t just trigger this effect in small cats. When the researchers brought nepetalactol-treated filter paper to a few zoos, leopards, lynxes, and jaguars all dove face-first into the compound. This was big news. If these different cat species reacted to nepetalactol the same way, the response was likely a shared evolutionary trait, potentially something important to cat survival that stretched back millions of years. When the silvervine researchers presented their work at a conference, one evolutionary biologist raised a compelling theory. In chemical terms, both nepetalactol and nepetalactone are classified as iridoids – a type of natural compound known to contain insect-repelling properties. So perhaps cats rubbing their faces in silvervine and catnip were applying an ancient form of bug spray.这类化合物并非只对小型猫科动物生效。当研究人员把滴有荆芥内酯醇的滤纸带到几家动物园时，豹子、猞猁和美洲豹全都一头埋上去嗅闻。这是一项重大发现。既然这么多不同种类的猫科动物都对荆芥内酯醇产生相同反应，说明该行为极有可能是共有的进化特征，或许关乎猫科动物生存的重要本能，其根源可追溯至数百万年前。当木天蓼研究团队在学术会议上展示成果时，一位进化生物学家提出了一个极具说服力的假说：从化学分类来看，荆芥内酯醇与荆芥内酯都属于环烯醚萜类化合物，这类天然物质具备驱虫特性。所以，猫咪把脸在木天蓼和猫薄荷上蹭来蹭去的行为，或许正是在涂抹一种古老的驱虫剂。To test this, researchers set up cages of mosquitoes that cats could stick their heads into. And sure enough, the cats that had been treated with nepetalactol got fewer mosquito bites than the cats in the control group. The same effect was true for the scientists who’d volunteered their arms in solidarity with their feline subjects. These mosquito-repelling properties are currently our best explanation for why cats love silvervine and catnip. But researchers still had one more question: in their state of euphoria, cats tend to vigorously bite, lick, and rub against these plants. But do cats really need to go this crazy to get their bug-repelling effects?为验证这一猜想，研究人员搭建了放有蚊子的笼子，猫咪可以把头伸进笼内。结果证实，体表接触过荆芥内酯醇的猫咪，被蚊子叮咬的次数少于对照组。就连主动挽起袖子、甘愿和猫咪一同参与实验的科研人员，手臂上的叮咬次数也同样大幅减少。目前，这种驱蚊特性是我们解释猫咪喜爱木天蓼与猫薄荷最合理的假说。但研究者还有一个疑问：当猫咪在亢奋状态下，往往会使劲啃咬、舔舐并用力蹭擦这类植物。可它们真的需要表现得如此“上头”，才能真正发挥驱虫功效吗？To investigate rubbing, they provided cats with filter papers treated with microscopic amounts of nepetalactol. And sure enough, even these tiny doses made the papers irresistible, suggesting that microscopic amounts of bug repellent can be transferred by rubbing alone. As for biting and licking, the researchers found that when cats damage the plant, the leaves actually produce more mosquito-repellent chemicals. So your cat isn’t just ripping open their bags of catnip to be annoying; their evolutionary instincts are just trying to get even more of that bug protection.为研究摩擦行为，研究人员向猫咪提供了只沾有微量荆芥内酯醇的滤纸。不出所料，即便剂量微乎其微，这些滤纸依旧对猫咪有着极强吸引力。这说明，仅靠蹭一蹭，就能沾上微量的驱虫物质。至于啃咬和舔舐，研究人员发现，当猫咪啃破植物组织时，叶片反而会生成更多驱蚊化学成分。所以，你的猫咪扒开猫薄荷袋子并不是故意捣乱，而是在进化本能驱使下，想要获取更多驱虫保护。Cats are far from the only animal to use natural plants for purposes like this. Apes swallow scratchy and hairy leaves to dislodge parasites from their guts. Sheep munch on tannin-rich plants to kill intestinal worms, and monarch butterflies use toxic milkweed to kill parasites that normally impair their flight. Just like cats’ ability to find mosquito repellent, these behaviors can help humans identify useful plants and ingredients in the natural world. So, the next time you see your feline friend on a catnip binge, don’t worry – it’s only medicinal.并非只有猫咪会利用天然植物达成这类目的。猿类会直接吞下粗糙多毛的叶片，借此刮擦并排出肠道寄生虫；绵羊会食用富含单宁的植物来杀灭肠道蠕虫；帝王蝶则会采食有毒的马利筋，清除会削弱自身飞行能力的体内寄生虫。和猫咪寻找天然驱蚊植物的本能一样，这类动物行为，也能帮助人类发掘自然界里有价值的植物与成分。所以，下次看到你的猫主子沉迷猫薄荷，不必担心——这只是它在“用药”而已。【词汇】1.stoic adj. 坚忍的；沉着的2.whiff n. 一闻；一股气味3.drool v. 流口水4.wriggle v. 扭动；蠕动5.feline adj. 猫科的；猫的6.euphoria n. 欣快；极度愉悦7.catnip n. 猫薄荷8.painstaking adj. 煞费苦心的；极其仔细的9.dribble v. 使滴下；滴落10.pounce v. 猛扑；突然袭击11.endorphin n. 内啡肽12.lynx n. 猞猁13.jaguar n. 美洲豹14.dislodge v. 驱逐；移开15.munch v. 大声咀嚼16.intestinal adj. 肠的17.milkweed n. 马利筋（一种植物）18.binge n. 狂欢；放纵行为 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 炎热天气让人变得迟钝

炎热天气让人变得迟钝Heat Might Cloud Your Brain常速 | 六级（易） | 526词 | 3min31s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is one way extreme heat can affect people, according to the passage?A. It can increase the speed at which people complete tasks.B. It can improve people’s ability to solve difficult problems.C. It can help people remember information more easily.D. It can make it harder to think and make good decisions.Q2. What did the Boston study find about students without air conditioning?A. They were more comfortable while studying.B. They performed less well on the tests.C. They were better at solving numerical problems.D. They completed both tests in less time.Q3. Why does the speaker mention the limitations of the Boston study?A. To show that its findings should be interpreted with some caution.B. To suggest that the researchers used the wrong testing methods.C. To explain why high temperatures affect only university students.D. To prove that air conditioning has little effect on learning.Q4. What did the large study in China suggest about long-term exposure to extreme heat?A. It has little effect unless people suffer heat stroke.B. It mainly affects people’s physical strength.C. It may be linked to a decline in cognitive ability.D. It can improve memory after repeated exposure.Q5. What does the speaker suggest people do when they have to make an important decision on a very hot day?A. Avoid asking others for advice about the decision.B. Make the decision quickly before becoming tired.C. Trust their first reaction rather than overthink it.D. Cool down first and consider the decision carefully.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow Heat Waves Affect Your BrainHeat waves are becoming more common in many parts of the world. Most people know that extreme heat can cause health problems, such as heart and breathing difficulties. In serious cases, it can even lead to heat stroke or death. But there is another effect of extreme heat that we may not think about: it can affect the way our brains work.When the temperature gets too high, our bodies try to keep us cool. More blood and energy are sent to parts of the body that help control our temperature. As a result, the brain may receive less blood than usual. Scientists are still studying exactly how this process affects the brain. (Q1) However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.One interesting study was carried out during a heat wave in Boston in 2016. Researchers studied university students living in different buildings. Some students had air conditioning, while others did not. The students with air conditioning stayed in rooms with an average temperature of about 21°C. The rooms without air conditioning were much warmer, with an average temperature of about 26°C.For 12 days, the students completed two simple tests each day. One test involved adding and subtracting numbers. The other was a test of attention. (Q2) The results were clear: students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.(Q3) Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students. However, other studies have found similar results. When people are exposed to high temperatures, they often have more difficulty paying attention and remembering information. They may also be slower at solving problems and making decisions.There is also evidence that long-term exposure to extreme heat may affect our brains. In one large study, researchers followed more than 53,000 people in China for eight years. (Q4) They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability. The researchers estimated that if the number of extremely hot days increases in the future, average human cognitive ability could decline.The effects of heat are not the same for everyone. Older people, for example, may be more strongly affected. People with certain physical conditions may also face greater risks. In addition, even a short period of extreme heat may affect our thinking for some time afterward.So what should we do? The simplest advice is to avoid making important decisions when we are extremely hot. If possible, wait until you are in a cooler environment. (Q5-1) When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.We often use the expression “in the heat of the moment” to describe a decision made without enough thought. As heat waves become more common, the expression may have a more literal meaning than we realize. (Q5-2) When the weather is extremely hot, cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.” 意为：“研究已经表明，高温会使人们更难集中注意力、记忆信息、解决问题和做出正确决定。”因此正确答案为D。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“... students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.” 意为：“……处在较热房间里的学生表现更差，他们答对的问题更少，完成注意力测试所花的时间也更长。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. A.【解析】推断题。题目出处为：“Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students.” 意为：“当然，一项研究不能说明所有问题，因为参与者人数较少，而且都是大学生。”由此可以推断，研究样本有限，因此其结果需要谨慎理解，不能简单推广到所有人群。故正确答案为A。Q4. C.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability.” 意为：“研究发现，经历更多高温天气的人，在记忆和数学能力测试中的表现往往更差。”由此可知，长期暴露于极端高温可能与认知能力下降有关，因此正确答案为C。Q5. D.【解析】细节与推断题。题目出处为：“When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.” 以及结尾处“… cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.” 意为：“如果一项重要决定无法推迟，反而应当慢慢考虑，仔细检查自己的思路，并向他人寻求建议。”以及“给身体降降温，可能也有助于让大脑更好地运转。”因此可以概括为在高温环境下做重要决定前，应先给自己降降温并认真思考，故正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？

用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety?文本难度：六级刘立军供稿Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety? Some big studies say yes. Many experts have reservations. 运动对抗抑郁、抗焦虑的疗效，能和正规治疗相媲美吗？一些大型研究给出了肯定的答案，但许多专家对此仍持保留意见。For those in the doldrums, few things are more tiresome than being told to exercise. But unwelcome advice is not necessarily wrong. Study after study has found that exercise boosts mood and reduces anxiety. Two large analyses published earlier this year go further, suggesting it works about as well as therapy or antidepressants. 对于那些正处于情绪低谷的人来说，几乎没有比听到别人劝自己“去运动”更让人心烦的了。但不中听的建议未必就是错的。一项又一项的研究发现，运动能够提振情绪，缓解焦虑。今年早些时候发表的两项大型分析进一步表明，运动的治疗效果与心理治疗、抗抑郁药物不相上下。The first, published in January by researchers based across Britain and Ireland, took the form of a Cochrane review — a well-regarded meta-analysis of health-care research. It pooled the results of 69 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to measure the effects of exercise on depression. The second paper, published in February in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, was a so-called meta-meta-analysis. It drew on more than 1,000 trials involving nearly 80,000 participants. Both concluded that exercise reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety by roughly as much as conventional treatments. 第一项研究由英国和爱尔兰的研究人员完成，于今年1月发表，采用了备受推崇的科克伦（Cochrane）系统评价形式——这是医疗领域广受认可的一种荟萃分析。该研究汇总了69项随机对照试验（RCTs）的数据，这些试验专门用来评估运动对抑郁症的作用。第二篇论文于2月发表在《英国运动医学杂志》上，采用了所谓的“二次荟萃分析”。研究参考了1000余项试验，受试者近8万名。两项研究均得出结论：运动在缓解抑郁、焦虑症状方面的效果，与常规治疗方法大致相当。There are important caveats. Meta-analyses are only as good as the studies they include, and exercise trials are prone to being skewed. For one thing, participants cannot be blinded — they know if they are doing kettlebell swings or not — which makes their self-reported mood vulnerable to any favorable expectations they might have. For this and other reasons, the Cochrane review judged all the studies it included to be at “high risk” of bias. 但该结论存在重要的限定条件。荟萃分析的可靠性完全取决于所纳入的原始研究，而运动类试验往往容易出现结果偏倚。首先，参与者无法实施“盲法”——自己是否完成壶铃摇摆这类运动，参与者心知肚明。这就导致参与者主动上报的情绪，很容易受到内心积极预期的影响。出于上述及其他因素，这份科克伦系统评价判定，其纳入的所有研究均存在“高偏倚风险”。What’s more, the meta-meta-analysis did not include any studies that tested exercise against other interventions. The findings from the exercise trials were, instead, compared against those from separate trials of antidepressants or therapy. But unlike exercise studies, RCTs of antidepressants are typically well blinded and have strong placebo effects, making it harder for them to achieve similarly impressive results. “I don’t think it’s a fair comparison,” says Jonathan Roiser, a professor of neuroscience at University College London. 此外，这项“二次荟萃分析”并未纳入任何将运动与其他干预措施进行直接对比的研究。它是把运动试验的结果，与另外独立开展的抗抑郁药、心理治疗试验的数据做比对。但与运动研究不同，抗抑郁药物的随机对照试验通常盲法设计完善，且安慰剂效应显著，这使得药物想要取得同样令人瞩目的疗效数据难度更大。伦敦大学学院的神经科学教授乔纳森·罗伊泽（Jonathan Roiser）表示：“我认为这样对比并不客观。”All the same, most researchers are confident that exercise helps improve mood. Aerobic workouts, such as running, walking or cycling, seem to be particularly beneficial across the board. For depression, group-based or supervised exercise is more effective than sweating alone, and the benefits of exercise accrue over several months. For anxiety, the best results seem to come from lower-intensity activity. 尽管如此，绝大多数研究人员仍认可运动有助于改善情绪。跑步、散步或骑车等有氧运动，总体来看大有裨益。针对抑郁症，团体运动或在专业人员指导下开展的运动，效果优于独自锻炼，且运动带来的益处会数月里不断累积。而对于焦虑症，低强度运动似乎能带来最佳效果。Why exercise works is less clear. The popular idea that exercise generates a “high” by causing the release of endorphins, a form of opioid, has little scientific support. A study published in 2021 found that blocking runners’ opioid receptors reduced neither the euphoria they reported after a session nor the drop in anxiety. Researchers instead think that endocannabinoids — chemicals produced by the body and brain that activate the same receptors as the active molecules in cannabis — might be responsible for these short-term boosts. 至于运动为何有效，具体机制尚不明确。有一种广为流传的说法：运动会促使内啡肽（一种阿片样物质）的释放，从而让人产生愉悦感，但这一说法缺乏足够的科学依据。2021年的一项研究发现，阻断跑步者体内的阿片类受体，既不会降低他们运动后的欣快感，也不会减弱焦虑的缓解程度。研究人员转而认为，内源性大麻素可能是带来这种短期情绪提升的原因；这类物质由人体和大脑合成，能激活与大麻有效成分相同的受体。Other pathways are also being triggered. Exercise seems to reduce inflammation and improve brain plasticity, as well as increasing the transmission of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is involved in the process of weighing effort against reward, and so increasing transmission may help reverse the loss of motivation associated with depression. 运动还会激活其他生理机制：它能够减轻炎症，提升大脑可塑性，并增加大脑内多巴胺的传递。多巴胺参与了“权衡付出与回报”这一心理过程，因此，增加多巴胺的传递有助于改善抑郁症患者典型的动力缺失问题。There are purely psychological benefits, too: exercise can provide people with a sense of achievement, agency and eventually mastery, all of which are known to lift mood. Plenty of reasons, then, to work up a sweat. 此外，运动还能带来纯粹的心理益处：它能给人带来成就感、自主感，最终获得一种掌控感，而这些都能够提振情绪。如此看来，我们完全有理由动起来，好好出一身汗。 【词汇】 1. in the doldrums 情绪低落2. meta-analysis n. 荟萃分析（一种循证医学研究方法，把多个独立的同类研究的数据汇总、合并分析，得到一个综合性结论，研究说服力高于单一试验）3. caveat n. 警告；提醒4. skew v. 使……有偏差；影响……的准确性5. placebo n. 安慰剂6. neuroscience n. 神经科学7. aerobic adj. 有氧的8. accrue v. 积累；增加9. endorphin n. 内啡肽10. opioid n. 阿片样物质（既可来源于外界毒品，也包含人体自身合成的内啡肽，能够起到镇痛、产生欣快感的作用）11. receptor n. 受体；感受器12. euphoria n. 欣快感；极度愉快13. cannabis n. 大麻14. inflammation n. 炎症15. dopamine n. 多巴胺（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 疫苗：科学与恐慌之争

Vaccines: Science vs. Scare疫苗：科学与恐慌之争常速 | 五级（难）| 784词 | 5min22s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the only disease that humanity has eradicated? A. Polio. B. Smallpox. C. Measles. D. Malaria. Q2. What does Dr. Kate O’Brien suggest about the concept of “natural immunity”? A. It is more effective than vaccination. B. It is a safer way to develop immunity. C. It involves the immune system responding to germs. D. It is recommended for children by most scientists. Q3. What can be inferred about the immune system from the discussion? A. It is constantly exposed to microbes. B. It is overwhelmed by multiple vaccines. C. It cannot mature without vaccination. D. It is weaker in children than in adults. Q4. What is the main purpose of timing the vaccination schedule? A. To ensure vaccines are given at the lowest cost. B. To align with WHO global recommendations. C. To provide protection when children are most at risk. D. To avoid interference between different vaccines. Q5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. To introduce the global smallpox eradication campaign and its achievements.B. To answer parents’ common worries and misunderstandings about vaccination.C. To explain the complete standards of WHO’s official vaccine schedule.D. To compare natural immunity and vaccine immunity in detail.Part II. TRANSCRIPTVaccines: Science vs. ScareVGS: We’re standing here in front of the statue commemorating the smallpox eradication campaign. (Q1) Smallpox being the only disease that the world, humanity, has eradicated. This WHO-led campaign was the first mass vaccination campaign that brought together countries, experts and communities. Today, we have 30 vaccines that can prevent many many diseases. And 154 million lives have been saved, in the last 50 years, by just 14 of those vaccines. So if you’re a new parent, you may have questions about vaccines. We have Doctor Kate O'Brien here with us to answer your questions. Kate, let’s start with — parents may have heard what if we let our child get sick and develop immunity rather than vaccinate them? What is your advice regarding that?smallpox n. 天花 vaccinate v. 接种疫苗 KOB: The first thing I want to say is that the vaccines that have been developed that are in our program, are vaccines against serious diseases. Sometimes we hear the term natural immunity. And I really want to address this question. (Q2) Some people think that getting infected is somehow more natural than it is to develop your immunity from a vaccination. And I really want to disavow this. It’s the immune system in either circumstance is responding to either a germ or the vaccine itself. What’s most important is that exposing children to infections and risking the consequences of serious disease, and in the worst circumstances, death, is not what any parent would want to do.disavow v. 否认，拒绝承认 VGS: Another question that young parents may have is if you give a child many vaccines at the same time, you might overwhelm their immune system. What would you say to that?KOB: (Q3) Children are exposed to, in fact, millions of different microbes in the natural environment around us, in their foods, in the environment, by touching things, in their own bodies. We all have, in fact, more microbes in our body than we do human cells. This is an important way that children’s immune systems develop. The issue is, how to allow children to develop immunity against those germs that are consequential, that are serious, that cause disease. So the point around the vaccines is, children’s immune systems are more than able to respond to multiple vaccines, given at the same time, and multiple doses that are given over the course of their lifetime. Although we perceive that they’re being given “a lot of vaccines” in fact, on a daily basis, children are being exposed and sampling that outside world of those microbes all the time. The immune system is an incredibly powerful system. It’s amazing the way that it matures and identifies which is friend and which is foe in the environment. And vaccines are the safest way to actually derive protection for children, adolescents and adults against the consequential germs.consequential adj. 重要的，意义重大的 VGS: Can parents maybe stagger the schedule? Give a little space? Would that still have the same impact that you are seeking in protecting the child?KOB: Yeah. So this seems like a common sense, logical thing to do. We have studies that tell us in what sequence the vaccines should be given, how many doses should be given and how far apart they should be. Now, when you mess around with that schedule, there are consequences of doing that. First, it means that children may miss the doses that they should get. Second, it means that they may not get the vaccines at the time when they most need them. (Q4) We time the schedule so that the protection is developed before the period of time when children are most at risk of the particular disease that the vaccine is protecting against. And third, there are some vaccines that need to be timed relative to other vaccines that are in the schedule. They don’t work as well if they’re timed incorrectly. So that’s the reason why we have pediatricians, scientists, epidemiologists who make the recommendations within each country for what the schedule should be.VGS: So WHO makes a recommendation, right? But who is deciding on what vaccinations a citizen receives?KOB: Countries are the ones who decide on their schedule. What WHO does is, because we’re a global recommending body, we pull together experts from around the world. We ask them to look at all of the evidence that is available and we provide recommendations to countries. They can rely on the aggregated evidence that we’ve put together, so they can also deliberate on what makes most sense for their particular circumstance.VGS: Thank you Kate. I have additional questions. I’m sure our viewers have additional questions. So we will take this in part two where we will answer some of your questions on vaccines. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。根据“Smallpox being the only disease that the world, humanity, has eradicated.”， 此句明确指出天花是人类唯一消灭的疾病，因此正确答案为B。 Q2. C.【解析】细节题。根据“Some people think that getting infected is somehow more natural than it is to develop your immunity from a vaccination… It’s the immune system in either circumstance is responding to either a germ or the vaccine itself.”，该句说明无论是自然感染还是接种疫苗，免疫系统都会对外来病菌产生反应，因此正确答案为C。 Q3. A.【解析】推理题。根据“Children are exposed to, in fact, millions of different microbes in the natural environment around us, in their foods, in the environment, by touching things, in their own bodies.”，此处说明孩子在日常环境、食物、身体中时刻接触数百万微生物，免疫系统长期接触各类细菌，因此可以推断正确答案为A。 Q4. C.【解析】细节题。根据“We time the schedule so that the protection is developed before the period of time when children are most at risk of the particular disease that the vaccine is protecting against”，该句明确指出安排疫苗接种时间是为了在儿童高危阶段前建立防护，因此正确答案为C。 Q5. B.【解析】主旨题。文章主要围绕疫苗对儿童的重要性以及父母对疫苗的常见顾虑展开，专家逐一破除误区、解答疑惑，因此正确答案为B。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 香烟如何影响身体？

香烟如何影响身体？How do cigarettes affect the body?常速 | 七级（偏易）| 699词 | 4min49s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What substance in cigarettes is responsible for making smoking highly addictive? A. Tar. B. Carbon monoxide. C. Nicotine. D. Arsenic. Q2. What is one of the immediate physical benefits of quitting smoking? A. Improved eyesight and bone strength. B. Stabilization of carbon monoxide levels. C. Restoration of DNA repair processes. D. Reduced risk of erectile dysfunction. Q3. What happens to the cilia in the lungs after quitting smoking for 9 months? A. They are permanently damaged. B. They start producing harmful chemicals. C. They become less effective in cleaning airways. D. They are restored and improve resistance to infection. Q4. What can be inferred about the long-term effects of quitting smoking? A. Quitting smoking has no impact on coronary heart disease. B. The body gradually regains its ability to repair DNA. C. Lung cancer risk remains unchanged after quitting smoking. D. The benefits of quitting smoking are limited to younger smokers. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To highlight the dangers of smoking and benefits of quitting. B. To explain the chemical composition of cigarettes. C. To discuss the psychological challenges of quitting smoking. D. To analyze the global impact of smoking-related diseases. Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow do cigarettes affect the body?Cigarettes aren’t good for us. That’s hardly news — we’ve known about the dangers of smoking for decades. But how exactly do cigarettes harm us? Let’s look at what happens as their ingredients make their way through our bodies, and how we benefit physically when we finally give up smoking.With each inhalation, smoke brings its more than 5,000 chemical substances into contact with the body’s tissues. From the start, tar, a black, resinous material, begins to coat the teeth and gums, damaging tooth enamel, and eventually causing decay. Over time, smoke also damages nerve-endings in the nose, causing loss of smell.Inside the airways and lungs, smoke increases the likelihood of infections, as well as chronic diseases like bronchitis and emphysema. It does this by damaging the cilia, tiny hairlike structures whose job it is to keep the airways clean. It then fills the alveoli, tiny air sacs that enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. A toxic gas called carbon monoxide crosses that membrane into the blood, binding to hemoglobin and displacing the oxygen it would usually have transported around the body. That’s one of the reasons smoking can lead to oxygen deprivation and shortness of breath.bronchitis n. 支气管炎 emphysema n. 肺气肿 alveoli n. 肺泡 sac n. 囊，气囊 membrane n. 膜 hemoglobin n. 血红蛋白 (Q1) Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters including endorphins that create the pleasurable sensations which make smoking highly addictive. Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette simultaneously cause constriction of blood vessels and damage their delicate endothelial lining, restricting blood flow. These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls and enhance blood platelet stickiness, increasing the likelihood that clots will form and trigger heart attacks and strokes.dopamine n. 多巴胺 neurotransmitter n. 神经递质 endorphin n. 内啡肽 endothelial adj. 内皮的 lining n. 内衬，内膜 Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can trigger dangerous mutations in the body’s DNA that make cancers form. Additionally, ingredients like arsenic and nickel may disrupt the process of DNA repair, thus compromising the body’s ability to fight many cancers. In fact, about one of every three cancer deaths in the United States is caused by smoking.And it’s not just lung cancer. Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs, as well as damaged eyesight and weakened bones. It makes it harder for women to get pregnant. And in men, it can cause erectile dysfunction.dysfunction n. 功能障碍 But for those who quit smoking, there’s a huge positive upside with almost immediate and long-lasting physical benefits.Just 20 minutes after a smoker’s final cigarette, their heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal. (Q2) After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. A day after ceasing, heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates normalize. After two days, the nerve endings responsible for smell and taste start to recover.Lungs become healthier after about one month, with less coughing and shortness of breath. (Q3) The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.cilia n. 纤毛 By the one-year anniversary of quitting, heart disease risk plummets to half as blood vessel function improves. Five years in, the chance of a clot forming dramatically declines, and the risk of stroke continues to reduce. (Q4) After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored. Fifteen years in, the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease is essentially the same as that of a non-smoker.plummet v. 暴跌，骤降 coronary adj. 冠状的，冠状动脉的 There’s no point pretending this is all easy to achieve. Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression, resulting from nicotine withdrawal. But fortunately, such effects are usually temporary. And quitting is getting easier, thanks to a growing arsenal of tools. Nicotine replacement therapy through gum, skin patches, lozenges, and sprays may help wean smokers off cigarettes. They work by stimulating nicotine receptors in the brain and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms, without the addition of other harmful chemicals. Counselling and support groups, cognitive behavioral therapy, and moderate intensity exercise also help smokers stay cigarette-free.lozenge n. 含片，润喉片 wean v. 使断奶，使戒掉 That’s good news, since quitting puts you and your body on the path back to health.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。根据“Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.”，可知血液将一种叫尼古丁的刺激物输送到大脑，触发多巴胺和其他神经递质的释放，使人吸烟成瘾。正确答案为C。 Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.”，可知在戒烟后12小时，血液中的一氧化碳水平稳定下来，增加了血液携带氧气的能力，是戒烟后即时身体益处。正确答案为B。 Q3. D.【解析】细节题。根据“The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.”，可知呼吸道和肺部的纤毛在几周内开始恢复，并在9个月后恢复，提高了对感染的抵抗力。正确答案为D。 Q4. B.【解析】推理题。根据“After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored.”，可知在戒烟十年后，患致命肺癌的几率下降了50%，可能是因为身体修复DNA的能力再次恢复。从中可以推断，戒烟后身体会逐渐恢复修复DNA的能力。正确答案为B。 Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。文章主要讨论了吸烟对身体的危害以及戒烟带来的健康益处处。正确答案为A。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 我们为何需要8小时睡眠？

我们为何需要8小时睡眠？Why do we need eight hours of sleep?常速 | 四级（偏易） | 809词 | 3min37s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does Dr. Sanjay Gupta say about the commonly recommended eight hours of sleep?A. It is the minimum amount required for all adults.B. It is mainly suitable for teenagers and children.C. It represents an average rather than a fixed standard.D. It has recently been proven to be scientifically inaccurate.Q2. Which stage of sleep occupies the largest proportion of an adult’s sleep cycle?A. Stage one sleep.B. Stage two sleep.C. Stage three sleep.D. REM sleep.Q3. Why does Dr. Gupta consider sleep especially important for students?A. It improves physical strength and athletic performance.B. It reduces the amount of study time students need.C. It helps transfer daily experiences into long-term memory.D. It allows the brain to remain active throughout the night.Q4. What can be inferred about irregular sleeping habits?A. They mainly affect people who travel frequently.B. They may interfere with the body’s natural rhythm.C. They can quickly increase the total amount of sleep.D. They are less harmful than excessive screen use.Q5. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To compare the sleeping habits of adults and children.B. To warn people about the long-term dangers of technology addiction.C. To discuss the relationship between exercise and brain development.D. To explain the functions of sleep and ways to improve sleep quality.Part II. TRANSCRIPTWhy do we need eight hours of sleep?I got 5 hours of sleep last night. Last night, this is not normal. I got about 6 and 1/2 hours of sleep. Last night, I slept four hours. I got 5 hours 45 minutes of sleep. Last night, I got about 5 hours of sleep. Usually, I try to shoot for 7 to 8. It seems like most people are not getting 8 hours of sleep. We got a wide range of answers today. I am on a mission to find out if that’s really what we need to do. And I’m bringing in a special guest, Dr. Sanjay Gupta.How are you? You missed this discussion. Oh man, you are the man I need to speak to. So why eight hours? Is this the optimal amount?optimal adj. 最佳的，最适宜的(Q1) So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults. The thing is, for kids, it’s actually even more than that—9 to 12 hours for elementary school kids and teenagers, back to sort of 8 to 10 hours.(Q5-1) Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?Sleep is actually a really fascinating time for the brain. It’s kind of interesting because people think it’s just at rest. It’s actually really active. And there are several stages of sleep. (Q2) Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one. That’s the lightest sleep, just sort of drifting off to sleep. Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two. Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%. And then there’s this really interesting stage. It’s called REM—rapid eye movements. Literally, your eyes are moving behind your eyelids, and that’s when you’re dreamy. Yeah. And you cycle over and over again through these stages of sleep. About 90 minutes or so for all the stages.The other thing your brain is doing is clearing out waste from all the work that it’s done during the day. (Q3) And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.So how do I know if I’ve gotten enough sleep for me, for my body?So, most people generally know because you are probably a little bit grumpier than you normally are. You’re always cheery though, aren’t you? I’ve never seen you grumpy. You know, you feel tired. I think one of the biggest tests—someone told me this years ago—is if you put yourself in a darkened room in a comfortable chair and right away you fall asleep within a couple of minutes; that’s a pretty sure sign that you’re sleep-deprived.grumpy adj. 脾气坏的，易怒的(Q5-2) So, give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.So, you’re an athlete, probably working out too close to when you go to bed; it’s probably going to keep you up. You’re sort of stimulating the body. Caffeine stimulates the body. So, in the morning, good idea. But later on in the afternoon, that’s probably going to keep you up. Screens, the blue light alone is something that’s going to keep you up. It just kind of wakes your brain up. Kind of wakes your brain up. Yeah. It’s like, hey, time to wake up. Time to actually do something.caffeine n. 咖啡因I think the biggest thing is the idea of sleeping around the same time and waking up at the same time every day. It’s like you’re confusing your brain. (Q4) If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later, your brain’s like, “Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.” If you get into a consistent pattern of whatever time, so let’s say 11 to 7, uh, every day, you’re likely to get good sleep. Your brain’s not confused, and you can stick with that pattern.Is that connected to that circadian rhythm we always have?circadian adj. 生理节律的And your circadian rhythm can get sort of messed up very quickly. You see that when you travel to LA or, you know, any kind of jet lag? You can essentially put yourself into jet lag right at home by confusing your brain like that all the time if you do nothing else. Well, get rid of the screens for sure, but after that, go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time.You know my tip for great sleep? Hang out with people who just put you at ease. And for me, you’re one of those people. You’re the best sleep. You’re the best.I’m not sure. It’s good that I put you to sleep.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults.” 意为：“就像生活中的很多事情一样，八小时只是一个平均值。对于大多数成年人来说，平均睡眠时间范围是6到10小时。”该句表明“八小时睡眠”并非绝对标准，而是一个平均参考值，因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two.” 意为：“第二阶段睡眠更深一些，大约占全部睡眠时间的45%。”结合前文“Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one”以及后文“Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%”可知，第二阶段占比最高，因此正确答案为B。Q3. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day, and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.” 意为：“我认为，对学生来说最重要的是，睡眠期间你的大脑会把白天的记忆和经历储存到长期记忆中，以便未来数月甚至数年后仍能记住。”该句直接说明了睡眠对学生的重要意义，因此正确答案为C。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later and your brain’s like, ‘Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.’” 意为：“如果你提前两小时或推迟两小时睡觉，你的大脑就会想：‘等等，现在是该睡觉的时候，还是不该睡？我也不确定’。”由此可以推断，不规律的睡眠习惯会扰乱人体自然生物节律，因此正确答案为B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?”以及“… give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.” 主持人请Gupta博士解释睡眠期间大脑的活动并提供改善睡眠的建议，随后他们对睡眠阶段、大脑功能、记忆形成以及健康睡眠习惯进行了详细讨论，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛商务英语组特等奖潘紫萌说课

说课点评：在30分钟的准备时间里，读完、理解一篇800多词的商务英语文章，记住文章的结构和要点，设计出一套有理论指导、教学理念清晰、目标合理、结构完整、方法得当，最好再带点创新的教学方案，然后在10分钟的时间里，用英语条理清晰地把它展示出来，这对任何商务英语教师来讲都是一项重大的挑战。潘紫萌老师首先分析了课文，根据内容将其解构成三大部分。选手将第二部分（第3-8段）归纳成 promotion, price and place 和将第三部分（第9段）归纳成对计划进入中国市场的外国企业的忠告，这都是正确的。但是，她把第一部分（第1-2段）归纳成product，进而把前两部分归纳成营销学中著名的4P战略，这种做法有待商榷。因为课文的第1段主要讲两个问题：1）营销战略如何在中国成功，2）这些战略如何根据中国人的喜好以及对产品或服务的认知进行调整，而不是具体的产品。也许是准备的时间非常紧迫，选手对课文的理解和归纳出现了偏差。然后，潘老师分析了学生的特点。在教学模式上，她采取以学生为中心、以产出为导向的教学模式。其教学目标包括商务英语知识、商务技能和伦理价值。在具体的教学方法上，她例举了基于任务的教学、基于讨论的教学、案例教学、学生参与的测评等，并强调要综合利用线上线下教学资源。在学习测评上，她采用师生共同参与的方式，以增强教学效果。至于具体的教学步骤，她采用BOPPPS模式，再加课后作业。以上教学方案应该说中规中矩，显示出潘老师对商务英语教学的理论、模式、方法和测评等各要素有比较全面的了解。潘老师最亮眼的表现是在10分钟的时间里，用流利的英语将其教学方案展现出来，而且条理清晰，相关的教学理论、教学方法、商务知识、商务案例均了然于胸，信手拈来，同时口到手到，同步将所讲内容写到白板上，手起笔落，一气呵成。在提问阶段，潘老师的表现依旧出色，理解到位，回答中肯，表现出较高的英语基本功和商务、人文素养。不过有的回答可以再精炼一些。比如在回答第一个问题时，把EGP，EOP，EAP，ESP 的定义都讲了一遍，有点啰嗦。总而言之，潘紫萌在说课中表现突出，是一位素质比较全面、经验比较丰富的优秀商务英语教师。点评专家：陈准民

第12届教学大赛英语专业组二等奖赵雪宇授课

授课点评：赵雪宇老师展示了“3A设计”，整合了准备、习得与应用这三个不同的教学阶段。对教学阶段和教学过程的表述比较清晰，教学过程在“3A设计”的基础上展开，强调学生参与的多元形式，例如学生提问、学生评价、学生总结等。设计框架层次清晰。教学展示与教学设计紧密地融合在了一起。展示伊始，教师提醒学生回忆“3A设计”，并且多次使用“I want you to be/do…”的句式，运用丰富的肢体语言、重读、停顿等方式明确提出了自己的期待，帮助学生更加直观地获得课堂学习的方向感。此外，教师对学生的分享做出了真诚的回应，而不只是用简短的评价话语敷衍了事，这对学习共同体的建构大有助益。这同时体现出教师对英语有着较好的掌握程度，能够从容、准确地重述学生观点，帮助学生修正语言表述上的错误，并提供更加规范、高效的表达方式。整体而言，赵老师在教学展示过程中教态得体，状态自然、松弛，说课清晰，且能够脱离讲稿等材料的辅助完成授课。课堂教学紧密围绕教学目标，环环相扣，逐步深入。她有效运用了多媒体课件，运用多样的视图突出核心教学内容，起到了辅助作用。可以看出赵老师的整体状态（尤其体现为笑容、身势，对重读、停顿的运用，以及真诚的回应）有效吸引了学生的注意力，激发了学生的学习兴趣，为学生创设了安全的发言空间，让学生有分享欲，愿意主动参与课堂互动。最后，建议赵老师未来可以在分析课文内容的同时，进一步在词汇层面对近义词加以辨析。点评专家：杨延宁

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