全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程3

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2（思政智慧版）

全新版大学英语视听说教程2

《全新版大学英语视听说教程》共四册，每册八单元，突出视听说技能、演讲技能和批判性思维能力的培养。该数字课程每单元包含Listening, Extended Listening, Speaking, TEDTalks, Presentation和Self-test六大部分。听力训练主题广泛、注重听力和记笔记技能的培养，素材包括电视或电台采访、新闻报道、专题讨论等，同时还有与单元主题相关的拓展听力兼顾学生应试需求。口语和语音训练通过人机对话、跟读评分，有效提升学生口语水平。以TED演讲为素材的视频练习，突出记笔记、作演讲能力的培养。数字课程特有的单元自测通过词汇和听力测试有效检验学生的学习效果。

新闻听力 | 员工到底该工作多少小时？

员工到底该工作多少小时？How many hours should employees work?常速 | 四级 | 525词 | 3min40s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to the passage, why is it difficult to decide on the ideal number of working hours?A. Most people now work from home instead of in offices.B. People value different things in their work and life. C. Employers around the world have different management styles.D. Governments have not agreed on a standard workweek.Q2. What did the study find about workers in Germany and Britain?A. They hoped to work longer for higher pay.B. They preferred a 42-hour workweek.C. They were willing to earn less in exchange for more free time.D. They believed working longer would improve productivity.Q3. What can be inferred from the research on productivity?A. Working longer always leads to better performance.B. Extra working hours become less effective after a certain point.C. Most workers are more productive on Friday afternoons.D. Employers should require everyone to work at least 63 hours a week.Q4. Why might some employers ask existing workers to work longer instead of hiring new employees?A. Experienced workers are always more productive than new ones.B. Existing workers usually prefer longer working hours.C. Hiring new employees involves additional costs.D. Most companies cannot find qualified workers.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. A shorter workweek is always better than a longer one.B. Long working hours are the key to career success.C. The ideal workweek depends on different priorities and values.D. Advances in AI will soon replace the traditional workweek.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many hours should employees work?Many people think of a full-time job as working from nine to five, five days a week. Although working patterns have changed in recent years, the 40-hour workweek is still common in many countries. On average, employed adults around the world work about 42 hours a week. However, this average hides many differences. Men and women often work different hours. Younger and older workers do too. People in richer and poorer countries also have different working patterns.So what is the ideal number of working hours? (Q1) There is no simple answer. Different jobs, different incomes, and different cultures all lead to different opinions. The answer also depends on what people value most.Some people believe that work-life balance should come first. A recent study asked workers how much money they would give up in exchange for working fewer hours. (Q2) In Germany and Britain, many people said they were willing to earn less if they could enjoy more free time. For example, German workers said that a 37-hour workweek would be close to ideal. American workers, however, often preferred to work longer if it meant earning more money.Others believe that productivity is the most important factor. Some research suggests that working fewer hours does not always mean producing less. (Q3) In one study, researchers found that after people worked more than 48 hours a week, each extra hour produced less and less work. After about 63 hours, working longer did not increase total output at all. Many people have probably experienced something similar. Think about how productive you usually feel late on a Friday afternoon.Cost is another factor for employers. (Q4) Hiring a new worker is expensive because companies must pay for benefits such as health insurance and training. Sometimes it is cheaper to ask existing employees to work longer hours than to hire more staff.Safety can also influence working hours. In jobs where people make important decisions, fatigue can have serious consequences. One study found that emergency medical workers made more mistakes near the end of long shifts, and these mistakes sometimes led to tragic results.fatigue n. 疲劳shift n. 班，轮班For some jobs, however, longer hours may improve quality rather than quantity. A study of part-time call-center workers found that they did not answer many more calls when they worked longer. However, the quality of their work improved slightly because they became more familiar with common customer problems.Some business leaders also believe that long working hours show commitment and determination. Startup companies often require employees to work very hard because there are many tasks but only a small team. Even in large companies, working extra hours is often seen as a sign of ambition. Some well-known business leaders have argued that working 60 or even 70 hours a week can lead to greater success.Of course, there are different ways to think about the ideal workweek. Some people believe that performance matters more than the number of hours worked. Others think governments or new technologies such as AI may change the way we work in the future. Whatever your answer is, it reflects not only your workplace or your culture, but also your own values and priorities.Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】主旨理解题。题目对应第二段：“There is no simple answer. Different jobs, different incomes, and different cultures all lead to different opinions.” 文章指出，不同的职业、收入和文化背景使人们对理想工作时间有不同看法，因此正确答案为B，即人们在工作和生活中看重的东西各不相同。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。题目对应第三段：“In Germany and Britain, many people said they were willing to earn less if they could enjoy more free time.”以及“a 37-hour workweek would be close to ideal”。由此可知，德国和英国的许多受访者愿意减少收入来换取更多闲暇时间，因此C正确。Q3. B.【解析】推断题。题目依据第四段：“In one study, researchers found that after people worked more than 48 hours a week, each extra hour produced less and less work. After about 63 hours, working longer did not increase total output at all.” 由此可以推断，超过一定工作时长后，额外工作时间的效率会不断下降，因此B正确。Q4. C.【解析】细节题。题目对应第五段：“Hiring a new worker is expensive because companies must pay for benefits such as health insurance and training. Sometimes it is cheaper to ask existing employees to work longer hours than to hire more staff.” 文中明确指出，招聘新员工需要承担福利和培训等固定成本，因此让现有员工延长工作时间有时更有性价比，故C正确。Q5. C.【解析】主旨大意题。全文围绕“What is the ideal workweek?”展开讨论，从工作与生活平衡、生产效率、企业成本、安全、工作质量以及职业发展等多个角度分析不同工作时长的利弊，并在结尾指出：“Whatever your answer is … it reflects … your own values and priorities.” 因此，文章主旨是：理想的工作时间没有统一答案，而是取决于个人和公司的价值观与取舍侧重，故C正确。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 推行禁烟竟如此艰难

推行禁烟竟如此艰难It’s Maddeningly Difficult to Ban Smoking文本难度：六级（CET-6）刘立军供稿The U.K.’s landmark generational cigarette ban, which received royal assent in April 2026 and is due to take effect in January 2027, might yield its most dramatic results decades from now, if it sticks around that long. 英国具有里程碑意义的代际禁烟法案于2026年4月获得王室批准，并将于2027年1月正式生效。英国新近出台的禁烟令若能持续落地执行，或许要在数十年后才能显现出最显著的效果。Since tobacco first arrived on the shores of England in the late 16th century, some Brits have wanted to eradicate it. Back in 1604, King James I was so alarmed about his country’s new smoking habit that he imposed a 4,000 percent tariff on the crop. That year, he wrote one of the world’s first anti-tobacco essays, declaring smoking “loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs.” 自16世纪末烟草传入英国起，就有部分英国人希望彻底根除烟草。1604年，詹姆斯一世国王就对国内兴起的吸烟风气深感忧虑，于是对烟草征收税率高达4000%的关税。同年，他撰写了世界上最早的反烟草论著之一，称吸烟“触目生厌、刺鼻难闻、损伤大脑、戕害肺腑”。Despite the best efforts of the king and the generations of anti-tobacco activists who followed him, people in the United Kingdom still smoke. Now advocates are hoping a new law that prohibits anyone born on or after January 1, 2009, from ever buying cigarettes will finally end the habit for good. But the tobacco-free generation, at least in the short term, is unlikely to truly be tobacco-free. 尽管英国国王以及后世一代又一代反烟草人士竭尽全力，很多英国人至今仍在吸烟。如今，支持控烟的人士寄希望于一项新法案：该法案禁止2009年1月1日及以后出生的人购买香烟，期盼以此彻底终结这一恶习。然而，至少在短期内，这个所谓的“无烟一代”，恐怕难以真正做到完全不接触烟草。Generational tobacco bans were first proposed in 2010 by a group of researchers in Singapore. Around that time, less extreme anti-tobacco measures — such as media campaigns, clean-air laws, and taxes — had reduced smoking in many countries to such a point that public-health advocates started to seriously consider policies that could shrink rates to effectively zero. A tobacco “endgame,” as it has become known, was in sight. “I want to stamp out smoking for good,” Rishi Sunak, the former U.K. prime minister, said in a statement when he first proposed the plan in 2023. 2010年，新加坡的一个研究团队首次提出了“代际禁烟令”这一构想。当时，媒体宣传、清洁空气法案、烟草税收等相对温和的控烟措施，已将许多国家的吸烟率降至较低水平。公共卫生领域的倡导者由此开始认真研究，思考如何通过采取更为彻底的政策，将吸烟率降至接近于零。业界所说的烟草管控“终局”似乎近在眼前。2023年，英国前首相里希·苏纳克在首次提出该方案时发表声明称：“我希望彻底根除吸烟现象。”Currently, U.K. residents need to be 18 or older to purchase cigarettes. The new generational ban will introduce a more unusual paradigm: Beginning on January 1, 2027, an 18-year-old born on New Year’s Day 2009 will not be able to buy products such as cigarettes and chewing tobacco for the rest of their life. But a friend born one day earlier would face no such barrier. That means, as some critics of the ban have pointed out, that 18-year-olds will almost certainly bum cigarettes from older friends — the same way younger teens have acquired them since time immemorial. Data suggest that most adolescent British smokers get cigarettes for free from older people they know. In one study, in which researchers interviewed British smokers as young as 12 about how they obtained cigarettes, kids who waited outside of tobacco shops in hopes that an older customer would buy for them reported mostly targeting people under 25. 目前，英国居民需年满18周岁才可购买香烟。而这项全新的代际禁令将带来一种更为特殊的管控模式：自2027年1月1日起，2009年元旦出生的青年，即便年满18岁，终身都不得购买香烟、嚼烟这类烟草制品。但如果有人仅早一天出生，则不受这条禁令限制。正如该禁令的部分批评人士所指出的，这意味着这批年满18岁的年轻人几乎肯定会向年龄更大的朋友讨要香烟——古往今来，低龄青少年就是这样获取香烟的。数据表明，英国绝大多数未成年吸烟者，都是从相熟的长者手上免费拿到香烟。在一项针对低至12岁的英国吸烟青少年的研究中，研究人员询问了他们获取香烟的途径。部分青少年会守候在烟草店门外，指望年长顾客帮忙代买，据他们反馈，自己主要找25岁以下的成年人帮忙。Lawmakers included language in the bill designed to dissuade older people from buying cigarettes for their underage acquaintances. But, more importantly, that issue will likely work itself out over time. By 2034, no one under 25 will be able to purchase cigarettes. And with each passing year, kids’ sources of illegal cigarettes should progressively dwindle. Because having peers who smoke increases young people’s chances of starting themselves, fewer kids being able to get their hands on cigarettes should have a ripple effect, dissuading more and more of their peers from experimenting. By 2079, no one under 70 will be legally able to smoke. It will become the habit not of teenage rebellion but of retirement homes. 立法者在法案中增设相关条款，意在劝阻年长者不要为未成年熟人代买香烟。但更重要的是，这一问题大概率会随着时间的推移而自然化解。到2034年，25岁以下的人都将无法购买香烟。年复一年，青少年获取非法香烟的渠道也会日益萎缩。身边有吸烟的同龄人，会增加年轻人开始吸烟的概率；能够接触到香烟的青少年越来越少，将会产生连锁反应，促使更多同龄人打消尝试吸烟的念头。到2079年，70岁以下人群将不再具备合法吸烟的资格。吸烟将不再是青春期叛逆的标志，反倒会成为养老院里的一种习惯。This all depends, of course, on retailers actually following the law — a big if, according to some tobacco-control experts I spoke with. In a 2023 NHS survey, one-third of youth smokers reported regularly (and illegally) buying cigarettes from shops. “I don’t think we should play down the need for enforcement,” Nathan Davies, a doctoral fellow at the University of Nottingham who studies tobacco control, told me. And even if shopkeepers play by the rules, other people might not. Consider the small Himalayan nation of Bhutan, where all tobacco sales were banned in 2004, but cigarettes remained easy to access because a black market quickly cropped up. Those dealers didn’t serve just existing smokers but also young children. In 2019, nearly a quarter of 13-to-15-year-olds in the country used tobacco. 当然，这一切的前提是零售商能否真正遵守法律——我采访的一些控烟专家称，这还是个巨大的未知数。英国国家医疗服务体系（NHS）2023年的一项调查显示，三分之一的青少年吸烟者称自己经常（且非法地）在商店购买香烟。诺丁汉大学从事控烟研究的博士研究员内森·戴维斯表示：“我们绝不能弱化执法的重要性。”即便商家恪守规定，其他人却未必照做。以喜马拉雅山区小国不丹为例：该国2004年全面禁止烟草销售，但黑市迅速滋生，香烟依然极易获取。这些黑市商贩不仅向吸烟人士供货，甚至把魔爪伸向了青少年。2019年，该国近四分之一的13-15岁青少年使用了烟草制品。Nigel Farage, the leader of the right-wing Reform U.K. Party, has repeatedly insisted that such a black market could appear in the U.K. too. But the country’s experiment was not technically a generational tobacco ban, unlike the policy in the U.K., which was crafted to ensure that most current smokers can continue to buy their products legally, thus shrinking the profitability of any black market. The Bhutan and U.K. policies are “structurally so different in scope, sequencing, enforcement infrastructure, and market context that the comparison generates more confusion than insight,” Kashish Aneja, who leads initiatives in Asia at Georgetown University’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, told me via email. 英国右翼改革党领导人奈杰尔·法拉奇一再提出，英国同样可能滋生这样的黑市。但严格来说，不丹的管控尝试不同于英国的代际禁烟令；而英国出台的这项政策，充分保障大多数现有吸烟者仍可合法购买烟草制品，以此压缩黑市的获利空间。乔治城大学奥尼尔国家与全球卫生法研究所亚洲区项目负责人卡希什·阿内贾在邮件中指出，不丹与英国的政策“在管控范围、实施节奏、执法配套体系以及市场环境上存在本质结构性差异，将两者进行比较，更多只会造成认知混淆，而无法带来有效借鉴”。No actual generational tobacco ban has existed for enough years to reveal its long-term effects. The Maldives, a small island nation south of India, implemented such a policy in November. Several Massachusetts towns have also passed similar bans. Brookline, a wealthy suburb of Boston, was the first, enacting its own version in 2021. Available data suggest the ban has had little effect on cigarette smoking thus far, but according to advocates, real change will take much more time. “It is a slow and gentle policy change which will result in changes over the mid and long-term,” Mark Gottlieb, the executive director of the Public Health Advocacy Institute at the Northeastern University School of Law, told me in an email. 迄今为止，还没有任何真正落地的代际禁烟令已经过足够长的时间来验证其长期成效。位于印度以南的岛国马尔代夫于去年11月实施了同类政策。美国马萨诸塞州的几个城镇也通过了类似禁令。而波士顿的富裕郊区布鲁克莱恩则走在了前列，于2021年在当地开始实施禁令。现有数据表明，该禁令迄今为止对吸烟行为的抑制作用微乎其微，但支持该政策的人士表示，实质性改变需要更长的时间。东北大学法学院公共卫生倡导研究所执行主任马克·戈特利布在给我的邮件中写道：“这是一项温和渐进的政策，其成效将在中长期逐渐显现。”New Zealand’s left-wing Labor Party passed a tobacco-free-generation policy in 2022. But the country’s new center-right coalition government, on taking power in 2024, repealed the law before it went into effect. The government’s stated reasons for the repeal were so that cigarette-tax revenue could pay for a slew of new tax cuts, and because it was argued that the policy would have fueled illegal smuggling. Something similar might happen in the U.K. Farage, himself a smoker, has called the ban “puritanical” and vowed to repeal it if his party takes power. 新西兰左翼工党于2022年通过了“无烟一代”政策。但该国新一届中右翼联合政府2024年上台后，在法案生效前就将其废除。政府给出的废除理由有两点：一是需要依靠香烟税收，支撑一揽子减税政策；二是认为该政策会助长非法走私活动。类似的情况也可能在英国上演。本身就是吸烟者的法拉奇，称这项禁令带有“清教徒式的禁欲色彩”，并扬言若其政党上台执政，必将予以废除。He’s probably not the only one who’d like to see that happen. Tobacco companies urged Parliament not to pass the law, arguing that it was discriminatory and would not prevent youth smoking — and would increase crime, to boot. “Every year from 2027 onwards a generational ban will hand more of the UK tobacco market to the serious organized criminal groups who will use the proceeds of illegal tobacco to fund activities including terrorism, weapons trading, the distribution of narcotics and people smuggling,” Japan Tobacco International, which owns a number of the most popular cigarette brands in the U.K., wrote. (In a statement, a JTI spokesperson added to that list, writing, “Illegal tobacco in the UK has been linked to organized crime, including activities such as money laundering, human trafficking, and violence.”) The tobacco industry, along with smokers’-rights groups, also aggressively courted certain U.K. conservatives as the new ban was being debated, hosting them for lunches and at least one party. 希望看到禁令被废除的恐怕不止法拉奇一人。烟草公司曾游说议会否决该法案，称其具有歧视性，不仅无法阻止青少年吸烟，还会加剧犯罪。拥有英国多个畅销香烟品牌的日本烟草国际公司（JTI）写道：“自2027年起，代际禁烟令会逐年把英国更大一部分烟草市场拱手交给大型有组织犯罪集团。这些团伙将利用非法烟草的利润，资助恐怖主义、武器交易、毒品贩运、人口走私等各类犯罪活动。”（JTI发言人在另一份声明中补充道：“英国境内的非法烟草贸易与洗钱、人口贩运和暴力等有组织犯罪活动密切相关。”）在新禁令的辩论期间，烟草行业还联合吸烟者权益组织积极拉拢部分英国保守派议员，为他们举办午餐会，以及至少一场社交派对。Despite the debate, generational smoking bans are broadly popular. A poll commissioned by the anti-smoking group Action on Smoking and Health found that 68 percent of English people support the new ban. In New Zealand, about 60 percent of voters opposed the country’s about-face. Perhaps that’s because smoking remains one of the world’s leading causes of preventable death, or because the overwhelming majority of smokers regret ever starting. The new policy might not make much difference for today’s teens, but decades from now, a new generation really might avoid that lifelong error — as long as the ban actually sticks around. 尽管争议不断，代际禁烟令仍广受民众欢迎。反吸烟组织“吸烟与健康行动”委托开展的民调显示，68%的英格兰民众支持这项新禁令。在新西兰，约60%的选民不认同禁烟政策的彻底转向。究其原因，可能是因为一方面吸烟依然是全球可预防死亡的首要诱因之一，另一方面绝大多数吸烟者对当初染上烟瘾后悔不已。这项新政策或许不会对今天的青少年产生太大影响，但几十年后的那一代人真的有可能避免犯下这个终身错误——前提是这项禁令能够切实长期推行。【词汇】1. time immemorial 太古时代，很久以前2. dissuade v. 劝阻；阻止3. dwindle v. 逐渐减少；缩小4. ripple effect 连锁反应5. doctoral adj. 博士的6. repeal v. 废除；撤销7. a slew of 大量；许多8. narcotic n. 麻醉药；毒品9. trafficking n. 非法交易，非法买卖10. publicize v. 宣传；宣扬11. proponent n. 支持者；倡导者12. about-face n. （思想、行为的）大转变 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

时文选读 | 噩梦对健康有害吗？

噩梦对健康有害吗？Are nightmares bad for your health?考研 | 479词刘立军供稿Part I. PassageMost people have experienced a nightmare at some point in their lives. For centuries, people believed that bad dreams were caused by evil spirits that visited sleepers during the night. Although modern science no longer accepts such explanations, many people still wonder whether nightmares can affect their health. Recent research suggests that they can.Occasional nightmares are common and usually harmless. However, people who experience them frequently, such as once a week or more, may face a number of health risks. Researchers estimate that between 2% and 6% of people suffer from frequent nightmares, and studies have found that this group is more likely to experience both physical and mental health problems.Some of these connections are not surprising. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are often accompanied by nightmares. People who live with long-term pain may also experience it more often. More surprisingly, researchers have found links between nightmares and other serious health conditions, including certain brain disorders, heart disease, and immune system problems. In some cases, nightmares may even appear years before other symptoms become obvious.One researcher, Dr. Abidemi Otaiku, examined data from several long-term studies involving more than 180,000 adults and 2,500 children in Britain and the United States. His findings showed that people who experienced nightmares at least once a week were much more likely to die before the age of 70 than those who rarely had them. In fact, frequent nightmares appeared to be a stronger predictor of early death than some well-known risk factors, including obesity and an unhealthy diet.Why might this be the case? One possible explanation is stress. Nightmares often trigger strong emotional reactions and increase the production of stress hormones in the body. According to Dr. Otaiku, people who frequently experience nightmares tend to show signs of faster aging at the cellular level, which may be linked to these stress hormones. His research suggests that such biological changes could account for about 40% of the increased risk of premature death among frequent nightmare sufferers. However, researchers still do not know what explains the remaining 60% of the risk. Although more research is needed, these findings suggest that the long-term effects of stress may play an important role in the relationship between nightmares and poor health.The good news is that nightmares should not simply be accepted as a normal part of life. They may serve as an early warning sign that something is wrong, whether physically or psychologically. Treatments such as counseling, stress-management techniques, and certain medications can help reduce the frequency of nightmares for some people.Although scientists still have much to learn about why nightmares occur, the growing body of evidence suggests that they deserve more attention. Paying attention to recurring nightmares may not only improve sleep quality but also help people identify and address potential health problems before they become more serious.【Vocabulary】1. post-traumatic adj. 创伤后的 Part II. QuestionsQ1. According to the passage, how common are frequent nightmares in the general population?A. About 10% to 15% of the population.B. Roughly 2% to 6% of the population.C. Nearly half of the population.D. Less than 1% of the population.Q2. What did Dr. Otaiku find by analyzing some long-term studies?A. People with frequent nightmares often recover from illness more slowly.B. Nightmares mainly affect children rather than adults.C. Frequent nightmares are linked with a higher risk of dying early.D. Most people who die early suffer from neurological diseases.Q3. According to the passage, what may partly explain the increased risk of early death among people prone to nightmares?A. Accelerated aging at the cellular level.B. Lack of regular physical exercise.C. Poor sleeping environments.D. Increased consumption of unhealthy food.Q4. What does the speaker imply about the link between nightmares and poor health?A. It is primarily caused by genetic factors.B. It has been fully explained by current research.C. Long-term stress may significantly contribute to it.D. It only affects people with pre-existing mental disorders.Q5. What does the author suggest about the medical study of nightmares?A. It has already produced many effective treatments.B. It focuses mainly on neurological diseases.C. It is no longer necessary because the causes are clear.D. It is still insufficient and should receive more attention.Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。本题考查文章中关于“经常做噩梦的人群比例”的具体信息。题目出处为：“Researchers estimate that between 2% and 6% of people suffer from frequent nightmares ...”。 意为：“研究员估计大约2%到6%的人经常做噩梦……”因此B项为正确答案。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。本题考查研究结论。题目出处为：“His findings showed that people who experienced nightmares at least once a week were much more likely to die before the age of 70 than those who rarely had them.”。 意为：“他的研究发现，每周至少做一次噩梦的人，在70岁之前死亡的概率比极少做噩梦的人高得多。”该句直接说明频繁噩梦与更高的早逝风险之间存在明显关联，因此C项正确。Q3.A.【解析】细节题。本题考查导致早逝风险增加的生物学解释。题目出处为：“According to Dr. Otaiku, people who frequently experience nightmares tend to show signs of faster aging at the cellular level, which may be linked to these stress hormones. His research suggests that such biological changes could account for about 40% of the increased risk of premature death among frequent nightmare sufferers.”。意为：“据Otaiku博士介绍，经常做噩梦的人在细胞层面往往表现出加速衰老的迹象，这可能与应激激素有关。他的研究指出，这类生理变化能够解释频繁受噩梦困扰者早逝风险升高近四成的原因。” 这句话说明容易做噩梦的人在细胞层面会出现加速衰老的迹象，这在某种程度上导致他们早逝的风险增多。因此A项正确。Q4. C.【解析】推理题。本题要求根据文章信息进行逻辑推断。题目出处为：“Although more research is needed, these findings suggest that the long-term effects of stress may play an important role in the relationship between nightmares and poor health.”。意为：“尽管还需更多研究，但这些发现表明，压力所带来的长期影响可能在噩梦与健康恶化之间扮演着关键角色。”这说明长期压力可能与噩梦和健康不佳之间有强相关的关系，与选项C完全对应。Q5. D.【解析】主旨观点题。本题考查作者在文章结尾表达的总体态度。题目出处为：“Although scientists still have much to learn about why nightmares occur, the growing body of evidence suggests that they deserve more attention.”。意为：“尽管科学家对噩梦成因仍知之甚少，但越来越多的证据表明，噩梦值得引起更多关注。”这句话表明，作者认为目前医学界对噩梦的研究还不够，需要进一步加强，因此D项正确。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 员工到底该工作多少小时？

员工到底该工作多少小时？How many hours should employees work?常速 | 四级 | 525词 | 3min40s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to the passage, why is it difficult to decide on the ideal number of working hours?A. Most people now work from home instead of in offices.B. People value different things in their work and life. C. Employers around the world have different management styles.D. Governments have not agreed on a standard workweek.Q2. What did the study find about workers in Germany and Britain?A. They hoped to work longer for higher pay.B. They preferred a 42-hour workweek.C. They were willing to earn less in exchange for more free time.D. They believed working longer would improve productivity.Q3. What can be inferred from the research on productivity?A. Working longer always leads to better performance.B. Extra working hours become less effective after a certain point.C. Most workers are more productive on Friday afternoons.D. Employers should require everyone to work at least 63 hours a week.Q4. Why might some employers ask existing workers to work longer instead of hiring new employees?A. Experienced workers are always more productive than new ones.B. Existing workers usually prefer longer working hours.C. Hiring new employees involves additional costs.D. Most companies cannot find qualified workers.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. A shorter workweek is always better than a longer one.B. Long working hours are the key to career success.C. The ideal workweek depends on different priorities and values.D. Advances in AI will soon replace the traditional workweek.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many hours should employees work?Many people think of a full-time job as working from nine to five, five days a week. Although working patterns have changed in recent years, the 40-hour workweek is still common in many countries. On average, employed adults around the world work about 42 hours a week. However, this average hides many differences. Men and women often work different hours. Younger and older workers do too. People in richer and poorer countries also have different working patterns.So what is the ideal number of working hours? (Q1) There is no simple answer. Different jobs, different incomes, and different cultures all lead to different opinions. The answer also depends on what people value most.Some people believe that work-life balance should come first. A recent study asked workers how much money they would give up in exchange for working fewer hours. (Q2) In Germany and Britain, many people said they were willing to earn less if they could enjoy more free time. For example, German workers said that a 37-hour workweek would be close to ideal. American workers, however, often preferred to work longer if it meant earning more money.Others believe that productivity is the most important factor. Some research suggests that working fewer hours does not always mean producing less. (Q3) In one study, researchers found that after people worked more than 48 hours a week, each extra hour produced less and less work. After about 63 hours, working longer did not increase total output at all. Many people have probably experienced something similar. Think about how productive you usually feel late on a Friday afternoon.Cost is another factor for employers. (Q4) Hiring a new worker is expensive because companies must pay for benefits such as health insurance and training. Sometimes it is cheaper to ask existing employees to work longer hours than to hire more staff.Safety can also influence working hours. In jobs where people make important decisions, fatigue can have serious consequences. One study found that emergency medical workers made more mistakes near the end of long shifts, and these mistakes sometimes led to tragic results.fatigue n. 疲劳shift n. 班，轮班For some jobs, however, longer hours may improve quality rather than quantity. A study of part-time call-center workers found that they did not answer many more calls when they worked longer. However, the quality of their work improved slightly because they became more familiar with common customer problems.Some business leaders also believe that long working hours show commitment and determination. Startup companies often require employees to work very hard because there are many tasks but only a small team. Even in large companies, working extra hours is often seen as a sign of ambition. Some well-known business leaders have argued that working 60 or even 70 hours a week can lead to greater success.Of course, there are different ways to think about the ideal workweek. Some people believe that performance matters more than the number of hours worked. Others think governments or new technologies such as AI may change the way we work in the future. Whatever your answer is, it reflects not only your workplace or your culture, but also your own values and priorities.Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】主旨理解题。题目对应第二段：“There is no simple answer. Different jobs, different incomes, and different cultures all lead to different opinions.” 文章指出，不同的职业、收入和文化背景使人们对理想工作时间有不同看法，因此正确答案为B，即人们在工作和生活中看重的东西各不相同。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。题目对应第三段：“In Germany and Britain, many people said they were willing to earn less if they could enjoy more free time.”以及“a 37-hour workweek would be close to ideal”。由此可知，德国和英国的许多受访者愿意减少收入来换取更多闲暇时间，因此C正确。Q3. B.【解析】推断题。题目依据第四段：“In one study, researchers found that after people worked more than 48 hours a week, each extra hour produced less and less work. After about 63 hours, working longer did not increase total output at all.” 由此可以推断，超过一定工作时长后，额外工作时间的效率会不断下降，因此B正确。Q4. C.【解析】细节题。题目对应第五段：“Hiring a new worker is expensive because companies must pay for benefits such as health insurance and training. Sometimes it is cheaper to ask existing employees to work longer hours than to hire more staff.” 文中明确指出，招聘新员工需要承担福利和培训等固定成本，因此让现有员工延长工作时间有时更有性价比，故C正确。Q5. C.【解析】主旨大意题。全文围绕“What is the ideal workweek?”展开讨论，从工作与生活平衡、生产效率、企业成本、安全、工作质量以及职业发展等多个角度分析不同工作时长的利弊，并在结尾指出：“Whatever your answer is … it reflects … your own values and priorities.” 因此，文章主旨是：理想的工作时间没有统一答案，而是取决于个人和公司的价值观与取舍侧重，故C正确。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 献血为何重要

The gift of blood, why it matters 献血为何重要常速 | 四级（中等）| 661词 | 4min45s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to Dr. Yuyun Maryuningsih, why can one blood donation save multiple lives? A. Blood components are separated and used for different patients. B. Plasma can be stored for up to one year for emergencies. C. Blood donors are required to donate multiple times a year. D. Blood banks prioritize patients with severe conditions. Q2. What is the main reason why regular blood donation is critical, as explained in the text? A. Blood components have different expiration dates. B. Blood banks often face shortages during emergencies. C. Plasma storage requires advanced technology. D. Patients with chronic diseases rely on fresh blood supplies. Q3. What is one of the key advantages of voluntary unpaid blood donations mentioned in the text? A. They ensure higher blood quality through testing. B. They prevent exploitation of vulnerable individuals. C. They increase the frequency of donations. D. They reduce the cost of blood collection systems. Q4. What can be inferred about the challenges of maintaining safe blood donation systems? A. They require frequent updates to testing standards. B. They rely heavily on community-based traditions. C. They depend on the honesty and health of donors. D. They face difficulties in ensuring proper storage and distribution. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss the benefits of regular blood donation. B. To explain how blood donation systems operate worldwide. C. To emphasize the importance of safe and voluntary blood donation. D. To highlight the medical uses of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe gift of blood, why it mattersVGS: We’re talking about something powerful, invisible and life-saving. Your blood. It’s a gift only you can give. Our expert is Dr Yuyun Maryuningsih and we’re talking about blood donation. Welcome, Yuyun. As a student, I used to donate blood quite regularly and also throughout my work life. What about you?YM: Of course, I have, and I always tell people that donating blood is easy, safe and makes a real difference.VGS: But there’s something new I learned, that when you donate blood, you could be saving up to three lives, right?YM: Yes, exactly. You are right, because (Q1) when you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient. For example, we can give the red blood cells for an anaemia patient. And then we can give the platelets to a bleeding patient and plasma for the infectious patients. All at once.platelet n. 血小板 plasma n. 血浆 anaemia n. 贫血 VGS: Wow. And there is an expiry date for the donated blood. Talk to us about that.expiry n. 到期YM: Yes, for example, (Q2) the platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank, especially during emergency and outbreak situations.VGS: But it’s not just about emergencies, right?YM: Absolutely. So for cancer treatment and surgeries, and also for treatment of severe anaemia, and mothers who have complications during childbirth, none of these are possible without safe blood.VGS: So now, let’s talk about how to donate blood. It’s important that it’s voluntary, right?YM: (Q3) Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood. And the voluntary blood donation systems, in general, are more reliable over the long term.VGS: So, Yuyun, when I was in university, I had a classmate who had haemophilia, and he needed regular blood donation. I think he needed blood plasma. And I’m talking about a few decades back when maybe the blood systems weren’t that safe. Unfortunately, he contracted HIV with infected blood. So talk to us about national blood donation systems. What does it take to keep it safe?haemophilia n. 血友病 YM: So the key is that the country needs to have a strong national blood system. (Q4) That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.VGS: Yuyun I remember, I was in Sri Lanka many years ago and they have a beautiful tradition of donating blood on full moon nights. And this donation happens in communities, universities, temples, isn’t that amazing?YM: Yes, that is a wonderful tradition. And for those wondering actually, you can donate blood more than once. So for example, if you want to donate red blood cell you can donate every 8-12 weeks. And if you want to donate platelets or plasma, you can donate every 2-4 weeks.VGS: Let’s talk about who can donate blood.YM: Almost all can donate blood, from 18 to 65 years old and healthy, minimum 50 kilograms of body weight. And before donating blood, you will get a quick health check. So nothing scary.VGS: Okay, and it doesn’t take very long, right? Just ten minutes?YM: Yes, of course, just ten minutes to get blood to be drawn and then, to complete collecting the blood, it takes 35, 30 minutes to 40 minutes, including refreshments.VGS: Okay, that’s like your lunch break. You can go donate blood if you’re eligible during your lunch break. Take a friend with you, get an appointment, and please donate blood. That was science in five today. Thank you, Yuyun. Until next time then. Stay safe, stay healthy, and stick with science.eligible adj. 符合条件的，合格的 Part III. KEYQ1.A.【解析】细节题。根据“When you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient.”，可知献血时，血液会被分离成红细胞、血小板和血浆，每一种都可以提供给不同的患者，因此能拯救多条生命。正确答案为A。Q2. A.【解析】细节题。根据“The platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank.””，可知血小板只能存活五天，红细胞存活六周，而血浆如果冷冻，可以保存一年。三种血液成分保质期各不相同，因此定期献血十分重要。正确答案为A。Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood.”，可知自愿无偿献血更安全，因为这类献血者通常对自己的健康更诚实，并且避免剥削可能因压力而卖血的弱势群体，也就是可以防止剥削弱势群体。正确答案为B。Q4. D.【解析】推理题。根据“That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.”，可知每一部分的血液都应该经过检测，然后进行加工，还要按照标准进行储存和分发。由此可以推断，血液的规范储存与分发是维持安全献血体系的一个重要挑战。正确答案为D。Q5.C.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是强调献血的价值、自愿无偿献血的优势、如何保持血液系统安全以及献血的具体过程，呼吁安全、自愿献血。正确答案为C。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 最好的管教，从来不是嘶吼

最好的管教，从来不是嘶吼Yelling at Your Child Won’t Work—but Something Else Does常速 | 五级（偏难） | 632词 | 4min9s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does the data from applied behavior analysis (ABA) indicate about the effect of verbal redirections?A. They effectively stop children’s problem behaviors.B. They often make the children’s behaviors worse.C. They work better when combined with rewards.D. They are the most common parenting strategy.Q2. According to the passage, why do parents keep using aversive strategies like yelling?A. They are proven to be scientifically effective.B. They help the child learn self-control faster.C. Parents feel better, and they sometimes work.D. Most parenting experts recommend them.Q3. What happens when parents intend punishment as aversiveness?A. The child’s problem behavior improves at once.B. Both parents and children may find it rewarding.C. The child becomes more afraid of the parent.D. Parents usually stop using punishment entirely.Q4. What can be inferred about the “replacement behavior” strategy mentioned in the passage?A. It rewards good behaviors to reduce bad ones.B. It punishes problem behaviors more strictly.C. It only works for neurodivergent children.D. It asks parents to ignore problem behaviors.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Yelling is the most effective way to correct children.B. Parents should never use any form of punishment.C. ABA data proves isolation is the best response.D. Aversive strategies backfire; rewarding works better.Part II. TRANSCRIPTYelling at Your Child Won’t Work—but Something Else DoesIn the world of applied behavior analysis (ABA), what matters most is the data. (Q1) Many parents use verbal redirections — often born of anger — to stop their children’s behaviors, even though the data indicate the behaviors don’t actually stop. In fact, they often get worse. In this post, we will explore why yelling at a child seldom works in the long run and how to win the battle of wills with your child.verbal adj. 口头的；言语的redirection n. 转向，此处指教导What Is Punishment?Many modern parenting movements cast punishment in a negative light. However, punishment in ABA is simply the application of an outcome that decreases the chances of a behavior recurring. It is not the harsh (often called aversive) response to a child. But, many folks confuse aversives—yelling, spanking, social isolation—with punishment.recur v. 再发生；反复出现aversive adj. 厌恶的 n. 任何令人不快或痛苦的刺激物spanking n. 打屁股（尤指打小孩）Another form of punishment is often called positive punishment. Positive punishment usually works, while aversives typically are not nearly as effective. So why do people keep using aversive strategies?(Q2) The answer is often that the parent feels better when they yell or place their child alone in a room. Sometimes, using an aversive might even work. If it works just enough—and randomly enough—the decrease or elimination of the child’s problem behavior is rewarding to the parent. That random pattern of success builds a surprisingly durable habit of reaching for aversives. Unfortunately, what works best will never be tried if aversives are the main strategy. But what if there’s a better approach?When Do Punishments Become Rewards?(Q3) When we use punishment to mean aversiveness, what parents intend as punishment often turns into a reward—for everyone involved. Parents feel less anger or stress after yelling at a child, and that reduction in negative emotion is rewarding for them. When children receive attention, even attention that carries angry words, the attention itself can be rewarding. These two dynamics define the major ways “punishments” become rewards.What to Do: 3 Steps to Change a Child’s Behavior1. Define Punishment and Problem BehaviorsKeep in mind that punishment reduces—or eliminates—a problem behavior. By holding onto that as your goal, you can refocus when things get hard. Ask yourself: “What specifically do I want my child to stop doing?”2. Find the Replacement Behavior(Q4) One underused strategy is simply adding something good to a behavior you want to see more of—a replacement behavior. When parents deliberately reward an alternative behavior, the problem behavior gets crowded out. Adding a reward to compete with the problem behavior is more effective, and frankly more pleasant for everyone, than adding a consequence to the problem behavior itself.A problem behavior keeps happening because of what it produces. Attention is often the payoff. If we know the reward is attention, the next question is: What do we want the child to do instead? Once we identify an alternative, we can reward that replacement behavior consistently and drive down the problem behavior simultaneously.simultaneously adv. 同时地3. Change How You ReactThis is the hardest step—and the most important. Parents will need to:Decide what the replacement behavior looks like;Teach it by setting an example;Prompt it in situations that used to trigger yelling;Praise it heavily and pay real attention when the child uses it;Notice it even when unprompted, so the reinforcement stays consistent;Soon, the replacement behavior will take over, and the old triggers will lose their pull.What to Do if You Need HelpParents of neurodivergent children, in particular, often find themselves responding to aggressive or self-injurious behaviors with anxious or angry attention—largely because those behaviors are overwhelming. That’s not failure; that’s human. But outside help can make the difference. Finding a provider with genuine ABA expertise can turn things around faster than going it alone.neurodivergent adj. 神经多样的（大脑处理信息方式异于常人的）Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Many parents use verbal redirections — often born of anger — to stop their children’s behaviors, even though the data indicate the behaviors don’t actually stop. In fact, they often get worse.”。 意为：“很多家长一着急就冲孩子吼，想用言语制止他们的行为，可数据显示，这么做根本没用——孩子的行为非但没停，反而常常愈演愈烈。”该句明确指出数据表明口头教导往往使孩子的行为变得更糟，因此正确答案为B。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The answer is often that the parent feels better when they yell or place their child alone in a room. Sometimes, using an aversive might even work.”。 意为：“答案其实是：很多时候，父母吼完或者把孩子单独关在房间里，自己心里会觉得好受些。有时候，这种惩罚手段甚至还真能见效。”因此正确答案为C。Q3. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“When we use punishment to mean aversiveness, what parents intend as punishment often turns into a reward—for everyone involved. Parents feel less anger or stress after yelling at a child, and that reduction in negative emotion is rewarding for them. When children receive attention, even attention that carries angry words, the attention itself can be rewarding.” 意为：“当我们把‘惩罚’理解为施加令人不快的刺激时，父母本意是想惩罚孩子，结果却常常变成了对所有人的‘奖励’。父母冲孩子吼完之后，怒气或压力减轻了——这种负面情绪的缓解对他们来说就是一种奖励；而对孩子来说，哪怕得到的是带着怒意的关注，关注本身就足以成为一种奖励。”该句明确指出父母所以为的惩罚实际上对家长和孩子都可能变成一种奖励，因此正确答案为B。Q4. A.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“One underused strategy is simply adding something good to a behavior you want to see more of—a replacement behavior. When parents deliberately reward an alternative behavior, the problem behavior gets crowded out.”。 意为：“有一个常被忽视的策略，其实很简单：在你希望孩子多做的行为上，主动‘加点甜头’——也就是用一个替代行为来取代问题行为。当父母有意识地去奖励这个替代行为时，原来的问题行为自然就被‘挤掉’了。”因此，正确答案为A。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。综合全文，文章的核心观点是喊叫等厌恶型策略往往适得其反，而奖励替代行为等积极方法更为有效，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛英语专业组二等奖赵雪宇授课

授课点评：赵雪宇老师展示了“3A设计”，整合了准备、习得与应用这三个不同的教学阶段。对教学阶段和教学过程的表述比较清晰，教学过程在“3A设计”的基础上展开，强调学生参与的多元形式，例如学生提问、学生评价、学生总结等。设计框架层次清晰。教学展示与教学设计紧密地融合在了一起。展示伊始，教师提醒学生回忆“3A设计”，并且多次使用“I want you to be/do…”的句式，运用丰富的肢体语言、重读、停顿等方式明确提出了自己的期待，帮助学生更加直观地获得课堂学习的方向感。此外，教师对学生的分享做出了真诚的回应，而不只是用简短的评价话语敷衍了事，这对学习共同体的建构大有助益。这同时体现出教师对英语有着较好的掌握程度，能够从容、准确地重述学生观点，帮助学生修正语言表述上的错误，并提供更加规范、高效的表达方式。整体而言，赵老师在教学展示过程中教态得体，状态自然、松弛，说课清晰，且能够脱离讲稿等材料的辅助完成授课。课堂教学紧密围绕教学目标，环环相扣，逐步深入。她有效运用了多媒体课件，运用多样的视图突出核心教学内容，起到了辅助作用。可以看出赵老师的整体状态（尤其体现为笑容、身势，对重读、停顿的运用，以及真诚的回应）有效吸引了学生的注意力，激发了学生的学习兴趣，为学生创设了安全的发言空间，让学生有分享欲，愿意主动参与课堂互动。最后，建议赵老师未来可以在分析课文内容的同时，进一步在词汇层面对近义词加以辨析。点评专家：杨延宁

第12届教学大赛商务英语组二等奖贺静授课

授课点评：贺静老师授课效果较好，教学目标清楚、教学方法得当、教学程序井井有条。此外，贺静老师口齿清晰，语音语调比较纯正、流利；教态端庄自然，有亲和力，教学过程中与学生互动良好，体现了以学生为主体，教师为主导的教学原则。授课分两部分。第一部分介绍该单元（Empire of Wealth）的总教学安排，用了3分30秒，时间把握得比较好。另外，设计的PPT形式多样，各种图表清楚展现了教学安排。授课开始的第三分钟，PPT显示的该单元总教学目标及三篇课文的教学目标一览无遗，加上贺静老师的阐释，清晰地传递了教学目标和学习目标，这能帮助学生在课堂内外围绕主题有效学习。紧接着，贺静老师借助PPT上的流程图比较详细地介绍了授课课文In Praise of Competitive Urges的教学安排，其中的Problem-centred教学方法对学生发现、分析和解决问题有很大帮助。之后进入第二部分：比赛授课阶段。第二部分具体授课含四个阶段。进入第一阶段Warm-up时，贺静老师显得有点紧张，但很快就调整好了状态。该阶段有教师对课文理解的提问，请学生从课文中找到相关的依据回答问题，这种做法本来值得称道，因为授课不能离开课文。但是，Warm-up阶段是课前准备阶段，因此，贺静老师在Warm-up阶段讲解课文不妥，建议把重点放在教材中的Warm-up Activities上，适当设计一些附加的活动，才符合教学逻辑。此外，在总时间为20分钟且第一阶段用了3分30秒的情况下，Warm-up阶段用了5分1秒显得有点过长。之后是第二阶段Questionnaire Results，贺静老师分析解释了调查表中的信息，谈了自己对问题的看法，期间激励学生思考、回答问题，这对培养学生的独立思考能力及理解课文非常有益。Questionnaire之后进入授课第三阶段：Wealth-flaunting Motivations / Summarizing。炫富动机是课文包含的核心内容之一。因此，讨论炫富动机有助于学生理解课文。教师要求学生从PPT上（视频13'）显示的课文段落寻找答案，并要求学生做pair work找到有关的词汇。另外，通过分析课文的修辞寓意，贺静老师阐释了文章作者的真实目的。这一点做得很好。另一方面，根据该单元内容，所授的是“综合商务英语”课程。因此，贺静老师应更多围绕语言难点、篇章结构、写作风格、文法修辞等方面进行解释，让学生对课文有更深层次的理解。第四阶段Assignment在视频18'15"开始。课后作业包括questionnaire设计、调研报告写作、相关阅读作业。这样较好兼顾了综合商务英语课程语言学习和商务实践的教学特点。建议更多以教材内容教学为主，重视语言、篇章教学，在帮助学生充分理解课文的前提下掌握一些商务知识和技能；需要结合课文融入更多的思政教育内容。点评专家：翁凤翔

歌德学院“学习教德语”丛书（DLL）：青少年德语 Video 34 P163 Gespräch über Unterricht mit Rainer E. Wicke Sequenz 6 von 7

“四新+”大学英语系列教材：新医科英语 上册 Unit 3 PPT课件（试用版）