全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程2

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

新闻听力 | 演奏音乐有益大脑吗？

演奏音乐有益大脑吗？Is playing music good for the brain?常速 | 四级 | 605词 | 4min20s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. Why is making music considered a mental workout?A. It strengthens emotional control.B. It improves social communication skills.C. It requires the brain to coordinate several abilities. D. It mainly trains long-term memory.Q2. What benefit did studies find among professional musicians?A. They have more grey matter in some brain regions. B. They seldom have memory problems as they age. C. They can compose music much faster than others. D. They have larger brains overall.Q3. What is one possible advantage for children who begin instrument lessons young? A. They are more likely to speak a second language without an accent. B. The communication between their brain’s two hemispheres can be better. C. They will get higher scores in all school subjects. D. They can remember new words much faster than peers.Q4. What can we infer about music activities and cognitive abilities? A. Brass players usually outperform piano players in problem-solving tasks. B. Different kinds of music activities may lead to different cognitive strengths. C. Singers are generally weaker at planning tasks than woodwind players. D. Learning more instruments will bring greater improvements to memory.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Musical ability depends largely on genetics.B. Listening to music is better than playing instruments.C. Only professional musicians gain cognitive advantages.D. Music practice may benefit the brain in many ways.Part II. TRANSCRIPTIs Playing Music Good for Your Brain?Can playing music make your brain work better? Research suggests that it can, and you don’t have to be a professional musician to enjoy the benefits.(Q1) Playing a musical instrument is like a workout for the brain. When you play music, your brain has to do several things at the same time. You need to listen carefully, read notes, control your fingers, and keep your attention on what you are doing. You may also need to remember a piece of music and express your feelings through it. All these activities give your brain a lot of practice.(Q2) Studies have found that professional musicians have more grey matter in certain parts of the brain than people who do not play music. Grey matter is important for thinking, movement, and memory. Other research suggests that musicians may also have better memory and be better at planning and solving problems. However, scientists are still studying these effects, so more research is needed to understand them fully.gray matter （脑的）灰质，中枢神经系统的重要组成部分Music may be especially helpful for children. (Q3) Studies suggest that children who start learning an instrument at an early age may develop stronger connections between the two sides of their brains. Learning music may also help children learn a second language and improve their ability to understand information without using words. These skills can be useful both in school and in everyday life.But what about people who start learning music when they are older? The good news is that it may still be beneficial. As people age, their memory and thinking skills can become weaker. However, some studies have found that older adults who continue to learn and practice an instrument may experience less decline in certain mental abilities. Other research has linked regular music practice with a lower risk of developing dementia, a condition that affects memory and thinking. Scientists do not yet know whether playing music directly protects the brain or whether people with better brain health are simply more likely to continue playing.(Q4) The type of music activity may also make a difference. One study of older adults found that people who played the piano or brass instruments tended to have better working memory. Working memory helps us keep information in mind while using it. People who played woodwind instruments performed better on some tasks involving planning and problem-solving, while singers did better on tests of verbal reasoning. However, playing several instruments did not necessarily bring extra benefits.Music can also improve how we feel. When we play an instrument, the brain’s reward system becomes active, helping us feel pleasure. The body may also release chemicals called endorphins, which can help reduce pain and make us feel good. In addition, playing music with other people, such as in a band or choir, can reduce stress and help people build friendships.endorphin n. 内啡肽（一种体内生成的化学物质，能止痛并让人产生快感）What if you cannot play an instrument? Simply listening to music may also be good for your brain. A recent study found that older adults who regularly listened to music had a lower risk of cognitive decline than those who did not listen regularly. Cognitive decline means a gradual loss of memory and other thinking abilities. However, this study could not prove that listening to music was the reason for the difference.(Q5) Overall, research suggests that music can benefit the brain in several ways. It may help us improve our memory, develop thinking skills, manage stress, and stay mentally active as we grow older. You do not need to become a musical genius to enjoy these benefits. The key is to make music a regular part of your life, whether you play an instrument, sing, or simply listen.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“When you play music, your brain has to do several things at the same time. You need to listen carefully, read notes, control your fingers, ... All these activities give your brain a lot of practice.” 意为：“演奏音乐时，大脑必须同时进行多项活动，需要我们认真听，看谱，控制手指……所有这些活动会使我们的大脑得到大量训练。”因此，演奏音乐是一种脑力活动。正确答案为C。Q2. A.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Studies have found that professional musicians have more grey matter in certain parts of the brain than people who do not play music. Grey matter is important for thinking, movement, and memory. ” 意为：“研究发现，职业音乐家大脑某些区域的灰质比不演奏音乐的人更多。灰质对于控制思维、运动、和记忆十分重要。”因此正确答案为A。Q3. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Studies suggest that children who start learning an instrument at an early age may develop stronger connections between the two sides of their brains.” 意为：“研究表明，早早开始学习乐器的孩子，大脑左右半球之间会形成更强的联结。”因此正确答案为B，意为这些孩子大脑左右半球之间的联结会更佳，为同义表述。Q4. B.【解析】推断题。题目出处：“The type of music activity may also make a difference. One study of older adults found that people who played the piano or brass instruments tended to have better working memory. … People who played woodwind instruments performed better on some tasks involving planning and problem-solving, while singers did better on tests of verbal reasoning.” 意为：“不同类型的音乐活动，带来的益处也会有所差异。一项针对老年人的研究发现，常演奏钢琴或铜管乐器的长者，其工作记忆能力往往更强……演奏木管乐器的人在涉及规划与问题解决的任务中表现更优，而歌手则在言语推理测试中更具优势。”由此可推断，不同类型的音乐活动可能带来不同的认知优势。因此正确答案为 B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Overall, research suggests that music can benefit the brain in several ways. It may help us improve our memory, develop thinking skills, manage stress, and stay mentally active as we grow older.” 意为：“总体而言，研究表明音乐能从多个方面为大脑带来益处。它可能有助于我们改善记忆力，锻炼思维能力，调节压力，并在年岁渐长时保持思维活跃。”该句概括了全文的核心观点，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 每天步行多少步能防止发胖？

每天步行多少步能防止发胖？How many daily steps can help keep weight off?常速 | 五级（偏难） | 443词 | 2min59s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What daily step goal does the study suggest may help people maintain weight loss?A. Around 6,000 steps each day.B. Around 7,000 steps each day.C. Around 8,500 steps each day.D. Around 10,000 steps each day.Q2. What kind of data did the researchers analyze in the study?A. Medical records from several health institutions.B. Data collected from eighteen earlier studies.C. Survey responses from daily fitness users.D. Interviews with doctors at obesity clinics.Q3. According to the study, what did researchers discover about walking during weight loss programs?A. It immediately improved participants’ overall health.B. It replaced the need for diet changes.C. It helped people lose weight much faster.D. It showed limited effect on additional weight loss.Q4. What can be inferred about the role of physical activity in weight management?A. It works best when combined with medical treatment.B. It is more helpful for keeping weight off long term.C. It is mainly useful for people with severe obesity.D. It is more effective than diet control at first.Q5. What does Dr. Tara Narula mainly suggest about the study findings?A. They should be considered a useful but preliminary result.B. They should guide people to exercise exactly 8,500 steps.C. They should replace traditional weight loss advice.D. They should be applied to every adult immediately.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many daily steps can help keep weight off?(Q1) A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.(Q2) The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.(Q3) Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs. However, people who continued taking more steps each day were more likely to keep the weight off over time.Over an average follow-up period of about 1.5 years, researchers found participants maintained roughly 1% of weight loss for every additional 1,000 steps they walked daily, with the average participant starting at about 7,400 steps per day at baseline.The study noted that an average of 8,500 daily steps appeared to help participants maintain weight loss the longest, though researchers stressed that it is not a strict target or prescription for everyone.prescription n. 处方；建议；规定The increased activity happened as part of structured lifestyle programs that also included diet changes and behavioral counseling.“This was a lifestyle modification program, and it really is a multifactorial approach when it comes to weight loss. So these individuals got diet and behavioral counseling in addition to really moving more. And so you really need all of that,” ABC News medical contributor Dr. Tara Narula said on “Good Morning America” Monday.multifactorial adj. 多因素的；由多种因素造成的(Q5) Narula noted that researchers described the findings as “hypothesis-generating” and said more research is needed.“The researchers say, look, this is really hypothesis-generating; it should push us to do more research,” she explained. “It is not a prescription that everyone should go out and now do 8,500 steps. But it is helpful information.”(Q4) Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.The study also had several limitations. The analysis only included adults who were overweight or obese and relied on pooled population data, meaning the findings show correlation rather than direct cause and effect.correlation n. 相互关系；关联“Certainly if you’re planning to do a weight loss program, talk to your doctor about what is right for you in terms of your movement and goals overall,” Narula said. “And healthy habits build on each other. The more you lose weight, the more you want to exercise, and you feel better. But it really is helpful to know that just that little bit of increase might be all you need.”Part III. KEYQ1.C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.” 意为：“一项新的研究表明，增加每日步数或许有助于长期保持减重效果，建议将每日步数目标设置为每天8500步左右。”该句直接给出了研究所建议的步数目标，因此正确答案为C。Q2.B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.” 意为：“这项研究发表在《国际环境研究与公共健康期刊》上，并于上周在欧洲肥胖大会上做了报告。研究分析了此前18项探讨减重和身体活动关系的相关数据。”该句明确说明研究的数据来源，因此正确答案为B。Q3.D.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs.” 意为：“研究人员发现，在减重计划进行阶段，多走路与进一步减轻体重之间并没有很强的联系。”由此可知，在减重过程中增加步数并不会显著带来额外的减重效果，因此正确答案为D。Q4.B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.” 意为：“研究人员得出结论，在减重阶段限制热量摄入的作用可能更为显著，而更高强度的运动则与长期维持减重成果关系更为密切。”由此可以推断，运动对于维持长期减重更为有效，因此正确答案为B。Q5.A.【解析】观点题。题目出处为：“Narula noted that researchers described the findings as ‘hypothesis generating’ and said more research is needed.” 意为：“纳鲁拉指出，研究人员将这些发现定性为‘生成假说’性质，并强调仍需要进一步研究。” 该句表明研究结果具有一定参考价值，但仍属于初步发现，需要进一步研究验证，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 为什么大型AI实验室正在大量招聘哲学家？

为什么大型AI实验室正在大量招聘哲学家？Why big AI labs are hiring so many philosophers?文本难度：CET-6刘立军供稿Ten years ago, as the AI revolution was gathering pace, arts and humanities students were told that, if they wanted to make themselves employable, they should “learn to code”. That may have been bad advice. These days, it is programmers who are nervous about AI taking their jobs.十年前，随着人工智能革命加速推进，文科生曾被告知，如果想让自己更具就业竞争力，就应该“学点编程”。但如今看来，这或许是个糟糕的建议。现在感到焦虑的已换成了程序员——他们担心自己的岗位会被AI取代。They might consider learning to philosophize. Earlier this year the Federal Reserve Bank of New York published figures showing that American philosophy graduates are more likely to have jobs than their peers who studied computer science. In 2024, the most recent year for which numbers are available, 7% of those who had studied computer science were unemployed, against just 5.1% of philosophers.他们或许才该考虑去学学哲学。今年早些时候，纽约联邦储备银行公布的数据显示，美国哲学专业毕业生比计算机科学专业的同龄人更容易找到工作。在数据可查的最近年份——2024年，计算机专业毕业生的失业率达7%，而哲学专业毕业生仅为5.1%。Many are being snapped up by AI firms themselves. Students get job offers before they have graduated, says Luciano Floridi, a philosopher at Yale University. Academics are moving, too. Dr Floridi describes the scale of departures from philosophy departments as a “hemorrhaging”.许多哲学专业毕业生正被AI公司直接抢走。耶鲁大学哲学家卢西亚诺·弗洛里迪表示，很多学生还没毕业就收到了工作录用通知。高校学者也在纷纷出走。弗洛里迪博士将哲学系人才流失的态势形容为一场“大出血”。Some of the lessons that philosophy can offer AI researchers are ancient. The Socratic method—as described by Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher—uses feigned ignorance and sequential questioning to clarify meanings, spot contradictions and reveal ramifications. Many current AI systems tend towards sycophancy. Models trained in the Socratic method, says Jörg Noller, an expert on philosophy and AI at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, are less keen on people-pleasing and more willing to pursue the truth.哲学能为AI研究者提供的某些洞见，其实古已有之。古希腊哲学家柏拉图所描述的苏格拉底诘问法，通过“假装无知”和循序渐进的提问，来厘清概念、发现矛盾并推演深层影响。然而，当前许多AI系统都存在一味迎合用户的倾向。慕尼黑大学哲学与AI交叉领域专家约尔格·诺勒表示，若用苏格拉底式方法来训练模型，它们会减少讨好用户的冲动，转而更坚定地追求真相。Philosophical training can also affect a model’s outlook in more specific ways. Feed an AI legal assistant the writings of John Locke, says Thomas Powers, a philosopher of technology at the University of Delaware, and it will favor robust property rights as an underpinning of political liberty. And if you don’t like those principles, the model-makers have others. The “Granite” series of models from IBM, an American computing giant, come with dials that let business customers better align outputs with their own corporate philosophies. Francesca Rossi, IBM’s head of responsible AI, says these can let users choose where to strike the balance between philosophical trade-offs, such as individual agency versus social harmony.哲学训练还能以更具体的方式，塑造模型的价值取向。特拉华大学技术哲学家托马斯·鲍尔斯指出，如果让AI法律助手研读约翰·洛克的著作，它就会倾向于将坚实的财产权视为政治自由的基石。如果你不喜欢这些原则，模型开发者还有其他选择。美国计算巨头IBM推出的“Granite”系列模型配备了调节旋钮，让企业客户能够更好地使输出结果与自身的企业理念相契合。IBM“负责任AI”负责人弗朗西斯卡·罗西表示，这些旋钮可以让用户在各种哲学层面的取舍间把握平衡，例如在“个人自主性”与“社会和谐”之间找到恰当的权衡点。Philosophy can help with safety, too. Researchers have documented all sorts of ominous behavior in AI models, including attempts to evade oversight and even blackmail their users. One way model-makers try to discourage this sort of misbehavior is called AI constitutionalism. This involves building a model around a scaffolding of rules and principles culled from philosophical writings with legal or moral authority.哲学也能在安全领域发挥作用。研究人员记录了AI模型中出现的各种令人担忧的行为，包括试图规避监管甚至勒索用户的行为。为遏制此类不当行为，模型开发者引入一种被称为“AI宪政主义”的机制。该机制要求以一套规则和原则作为底层支撑框架，而这些规范均是从具有法律或道德权威的哲学著作中遴选提炼而成。The biggest question, though, is what sorts of rules should be put in those constitutions in the first place. Philosophers have zeroed in on two main ethical frameworks. One is deontology. Popular with Kant, among others, this imposes strict rules that prohibit things like lying, coercion and treating people as a means rather than an end, even if it is for a greater good. Anthropic’s constitution incorporates many deontological strictures. These can make AI behavior more consistent, says Dr Powers—a plus for deploying robots in homes and public spaces.然而，最大的问题是：这些“宪法”中究竟应该纳入什么样的规则？哲学家们聚焦于两大核心伦理框架。其一是义务论。以康德等学者为代表，该理论强调设定严格的规则，禁止说谎、胁迫或将他人视为手段而非目的等行为，即使此举可能带来所谓的更大福祉。Anthropic公司的“宪法”便纳入了许多义务论式的刚性约束。鲍尔斯博士表示，这类规范可以使AI行为更加一致——这正是在家庭和公共场所部署机器人的重要优势。The other approach to ethics of interest to philosophers of AI is called consequentialism. It weighs costs against benefits to decide what to do. Models more sympathetic to consequentialism include OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini. Google’s AI models are designed to produce “likely overall benefits [that] substantially outweigh the foreseeable risks”, a classic consequentialist goal.AI哲学研究者关注的另一种伦理方法被称为结果主义。它通过权衡成本与收益来决定该做什么。更倾向于结果主义的模型有OpenAI的ChatGPT和谷歌的Gemini。谷歌的AI模型在设计时明确以“可能带来的整体收益远远超过可预见的风险”为目标——这是一个典型的结果论目标。Consequentialist algorithms are also crucial in software for autonomous vehicles: if an accident is unavoidable, a decision must be made on the least tragic way to crash. Chris Gerdes, a senior engineer at Waymo, which makes self-driving cars, says the trend is to make driving software more consequentialist. Consequentialism is also central to AI weapon systems. Military objectives must be weighed against possible civilian deaths, says Jack Shanahan, a former head of the Joint Artificial Intelligence Centre, which studies AI for America’s armed forces.结果主义算法在自动驾驶汽车的软件中也至关重要：如果事故不可避免，就必须做出决策，以损失最小的方式发生碰撞。自动驾驶汽车制造商Waymo的资深工程师克里斯·格德斯表示，目前的趋势是让驾驶软件更深度地融入结果主义逻辑。结果主义也是AI武器系统的核心原则。曾负责为美军开展人工智能研究的“联合人工智能中心”前主任杰克·沙纳汉表示，必须在军事目标的达成与可能造成的平民伤亡风险之间进行权衡。Thorny problems abound—a philosopher’s favorite sort. Are there cases when deontological rules should be overridden? How do you make decisions when the consequences are unclear? Should AI systems take into account animal welfare, or the state of the environment? Would it be morally acceptable to prioritize young pedestrians over old ones? 棘手的问题层出不穷——正是哲学家最热衷探讨的那类问题。是否存在义务论规则应该被推翻的情况？当后果不明确时，该如何做出决策？AI系统是否应该考虑动物福利或环境状况？优先保护年轻行人而非年长行人，在道德上是否可以接受？Critics fret about “moral deskilling”: if computers increasingly make ethical calls, might people become less willing to make their own judgments? Roman Yampolskiy, an AI theoretician at the University of Louisville, argues that morality “is historically unstable, culturally variable, strategically manipulable, and often only retrospectively legible”. Unemployed coders take note: there seems to be no shortage of work for philosophers of AI.批评者担忧“道德能力退化”：如果计算机越来越多地做出伦理判断，人们是否会逐渐丧失自己做判断的意愿？路易斯维尔大学的AI理论家罗曼·扬波尔斯基认为，道德“具有历史的不稳定性、文化的可变性与策略的可操纵性，而且往往只能事后追溯其意义”。失业的程序员们请注意：AI哲学家的饭碗恐怕永远不缺。【词汇】1. humanities n. 人文学科；人文科学2. hemorrhage n. 大量流失（文中喻指人才流失）3. Socratic adj. 苏格拉底的；苏格拉底式的4. feign v. 佯装；假装5. ramification n. 衍生含义；复杂影响6. sycophant n. 谄媚者；阿谀奉承的人7. underpin v. 支撑；作为……的基石8. ominous adj. 不祥的；令人担忧的9. scaffolding n. 脚手架；支撑结构（文中喻指框架）10. cull v. 挑选；选取11. coercion n. 胁迫；强迫12. deontological adj. 义务论的13. stricture n. 戒律；严格限制14. ethics n. 伦理学；伦理15. outweigh v. 超过；比……更重要16. algorithm n. 算法17. tragic adj. 悲剧性的；可悲的18. fret v. 担忧；焦虑19. deskill v. 使技能退化；去技能化20. legible adj. 可读的；可理解的（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 演奏音乐有益大脑吗？

演奏音乐有益大脑吗？Is playing music good for the brain?常速 | 四级 | 605词 | 4min20s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. Why is making music considered a mental workout?A. It strengthens emotional control.B. It improves social communication skills.C. It requires the brain to coordinate several abilities. D. It mainly trains long-term memory.Q2. What benefit did studies find among professional musicians?A. They have more grey matter in some brain regions. B. They seldom have memory problems as they age. C. They can compose music much faster than others. D. They have larger brains overall.Q3. What is one possible advantage for children who begin instrument lessons young? A. They are more likely to speak a second language without an accent. B. The communication between their brain’s two hemispheres can be better. C. They will get higher scores in all school subjects. D. They can remember new words much faster than peers.Q4. What can we infer about music activities and cognitive abilities? A. Brass players usually outperform piano players in problem-solving tasks. B. Different kinds of music activities may lead to different cognitive strengths. C. Singers are generally weaker at planning tasks than woodwind players. D. Learning more instruments will bring greater improvements to memory.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Musical ability depends largely on genetics.B. Listening to music is better than playing instruments.C. Only professional musicians gain cognitive advantages.D. Music practice may benefit the brain in many ways.Part II. TRANSCRIPTIs Playing Music Good for Your Brain?Can playing music make your brain work better? Research suggests that it can, and you don’t have to be a professional musician to enjoy the benefits.(Q1) Playing a musical instrument is like a workout for the brain. When you play music, your brain has to do several things at the same time. You need to listen carefully, read notes, control your fingers, and keep your attention on what you are doing. You may also need to remember a piece of music and express your feelings through it. All these activities give your brain a lot of practice.(Q2) Studies have found that professional musicians have more grey matter in certain parts of the brain than people who do not play music. Grey matter is important for thinking, movement, and memory. Other research suggests that musicians may also have better memory and be better at planning and solving problems. However, scientists are still studying these effects, so more research is needed to understand them fully.gray matter （脑的）灰质，中枢神经系统的重要组成部分Music may be especially helpful for children. (Q3) Studies suggest that children who start learning an instrument at an early age may develop stronger connections between the two sides of their brains. Learning music may also help children learn a second language and improve their ability to understand information without using words. These skills can be useful both in school and in everyday life.But what about people who start learning music when they are older? The good news is that it may still be beneficial. As people age, their memory and thinking skills can become weaker. However, some studies have found that older adults who continue to learn and practice an instrument may experience less decline in certain mental abilities. Other research has linked regular music practice with a lower risk of developing dementia, a condition that affects memory and thinking. Scientists do not yet know whether playing music directly protects the brain or whether people with better brain health are simply more likely to continue playing.(Q4) The type of music activity may also make a difference. One study of older adults found that people who played the piano or brass instruments tended to have better working memory. Working memory helps us keep information in mind while using it. People who played woodwind instruments performed better on some tasks involving planning and problem-solving, while singers did better on tests of verbal reasoning. However, playing several instruments did not necessarily bring extra benefits.Music can also improve how we feel. When we play an instrument, the brain’s reward system becomes active, helping us feel pleasure. The body may also release chemicals called endorphins, which can help reduce pain and make us feel good. In addition, playing music with other people, such as in a band or choir, can reduce stress and help people build friendships.endorphin n. 内啡肽（一种体内生成的化学物质，能止痛并让人产生快感）What if you cannot play an instrument? Simply listening to music may also be good for your brain. A recent study found that older adults who regularly listened to music had a lower risk of cognitive decline than those who did not listen regularly. Cognitive decline means a gradual loss of memory and other thinking abilities. However, this study could not prove that listening to music was the reason for the difference.(Q5) Overall, research suggests that music can benefit the brain in several ways. It may help us improve our memory, develop thinking skills, manage stress, and stay mentally active as we grow older. You do not need to become a musical genius to enjoy these benefits. The key is to make music a regular part of your life, whether you play an instrument, sing, or simply listen.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“When you play music, your brain has to do several things at the same time. You need to listen carefully, read notes, control your fingers, ... All these activities give your brain a lot of practice.” 意为：“演奏音乐时，大脑必须同时进行多项活动，需要我们认真听，看谱，控制手指……所有这些活动会使我们的大脑得到大量训练。”因此，演奏音乐是一种脑力活动。正确答案为C。Q2. A.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Studies have found that professional musicians have more grey matter in certain parts of the brain than people who do not play music. Grey matter is important for thinking, movement, and memory. ” 意为：“研究发现，职业音乐家大脑某些区域的灰质比不演奏音乐的人更多。灰质对于控制思维、运动、和记忆十分重要。”因此正确答案为A。Q3. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Studies suggest that children who start learning an instrument at an early age may develop stronger connections between the two sides of their brains.” 意为：“研究表明，早早开始学习乐器的孩子，大脑左右半球之间会形成更强的联结。”因此正确答案为B，意为这些孩子大脑左右半球之间的联结会更佳，为同义表述。Q4. B.【解析】推断题。题目出处：“The type of music activity may also make a difference. One study of older adults found that people who played the piano or brass instruments tended to have better working memory. … People who played woodwind instruments performed better on some tasks involving planning and problem-solving, while singers did better on tests of verbal reasoning.” 意为：“不同类型的音乐活动，带来的益处也会有所差异。一项针对老年人的研究发现，常演奏钢琴或铜管乐器的长者，其工作记忆能力往往更强……演奏木管乐器的人在涉及规划与问题解决的任务中表现更优，而歌手则在言语推理测试中更具优势。”由此可推断，不同类型的音乐活动可能带来不同的认知优势。因此正确答案为 B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Overall, research suggests that music can benefit the brain in several ways. It may help us improve our memory, develop thinking skills, manage stress, and stay mentally active as we grow older.” 意为：“总体而言，研究表明音乐能从多个方面为大脑带来益处。它可能有助于我们改善记忆力，锻炼思维能力，调节压力，并在年岁渐长时保持思维活跃。”该句概括了全文的核心观点，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 每天步行多少步能防止发胖？

每天步行多少步能防止发胖？How many daily steps can help keep weight off?常速 | 五级（偏难） | 443词 | 2min59s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What daily step goal does the study suggest may help people maintain weight loss?A. Around 6,000 steps each day.B. Around 7,000 steps each day.C. Around 8,500 steps each day.D. Around 10,000 steps each day.Q2. What kind of data did the researchers analyze in the study?A. Medical records from several health institutions.B. Data collected from eighteen earlier studies.C. Survey responses from daily fitness users.D. Interviews with doctors at obesity clinics.Q3. According to the study, what did researchers discover about walking during weight loss programs?A. It immediately improved participants’ overall health.B. It replaced the need for diet changes.C. It helped people lose weight much faster.D. It showed limited effect on additional weight loss.Q4. What can be inferred about the role of physical activity in weight management?A. It works best when combined with medical treatment.B. It is more helpful for keeping weight off long term.C. It is mainly useful for people with severe obesity.D. It is more effective than diet control at first.Q5. What does Dr. Tara Narula mainly suggest about the study findings?A. They should be considered a useful but preliminary result.B. They should guide people to exercise exactly 8,500 steps.C. They should replace traditional weight loss advice.D. They should be applied to every adult immediately.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many daily steps can help keep weight off?(Q1) A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.(Q2) The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.(Q3) Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs. However, people who continued taking more steps each day were more likely to keep the weight off over time.Over an average follow-up period of about 1.5 years, researchers found participants maintained roughly 1% of weight loss for every additional 1,000 steps they walked daily, with the average participant starting at about 7,400 steps per day at baseline.The study noted that an average of 8,500 daily steps appeared to help participants maintain weight loss the longest, though researchers stressed that it is not a strict target or prescription for everyone.prescription n. 处方；建议；规定The increased activity happened as part of structured lifestyle programs that also included diet changes and behavioral counseling.“This was a lifestyle modification program, and it really is a multifactorial approach when it comes to weight loss. So these individuals got diet and behavioral counseling in addition to really moving more. And so you really need all of that,” ABC News medical contributor Dr. Tara Narula said on “Good Morning America” Monday.multifactorial adj. 多因素的；由多种因素造成的(Q5) Narula noted that researchers described the findings as “hypothesis-generating” and said more research is needed.“The researchers say, look, this is really hypothesis-generating; it should push us to do more research,” she explained. “It is not a prescription that everyone should go out and now do 8,500 steps. But it is helpful information.”(Q4) Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.The study also had several limitations. The analysis only included adults who were overweight or obese and relied on pooled population data, meaning the findings show correlation rather than direct cause and effect.correlation n. 相互关系；关联“Certainly if you’re planning to do a weight loss program, talk to your doctor about what is right for you in terms of your movement and goals overall,” Narula said. “And healthy habits build on each other. The more you lose weight, the more you want to exercise, and you feel better. But it really is helpful to know that just that little bit of increase might be all you need.”Part III. KEYQ1.C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.” 意为：“一项新的研究表明，增加每日步数或许有助于长期保持减重效果，建议将每日步数目标设置为每天8500步左右。”该句直接给出了研究所建议的步数目标，因此正确答案为C。Q2.B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.” 意为：“这项研究发表在《国际环境研究与公共健康期刊》上，并于上周在欧洲肥胖大会上做了报告。研究分析了此前18项探讨减重和身体活动关系的相关数据。”该句明确说明研究的数据来源，因此正确答案为B。Q3.D.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs.” 意为：“研究人员发现，在减重计划进行阶段，多走路与进一步减轻体重之间并没有很强的联系。”由此可知，在减重过程中增加步数并不会显著带来额外的减重效果，因此正确答案为D。Q4.B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.” 意为：“研究人员得出结论，在减重阶段限制热量摄入的作用可能更为显著，而更高强度的运动则与长期维持减重成果关系更为密切。”由此可以推断，运动对于维持长期减重更为有效，因此正确答案为B。Q5.A.【解析】观点题。题目出处为：“Narula noted that researchers described the findings as ‘hypothesis generating’ and said more research is needed.” 意为：“纳鲁拉指出，研究人员将这些发现定性为‘生成假说’性质，并强调仍需要进一步研究。” 该句表明研究结果具有一定参考价值，但仍属于初步发现，需要进一步研究验证，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 疫苗安全真相

The truth about vaccine safety疫苗安全真相常速 | 五级（中等）| 856词 | 5min41s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the main function of antigens in vaccines?A. To enhance the immune system’s response. B. To ensure the vaccine remains effective after opening. C. To preserve the vaccine during transport. D. To help the body recognize foreign germs. Q2. What is the main purpose of stabilizers in vaccines?A. To ensure vaccines remain effective during storage and transport. B. To boost the immune system’s response to germs. C. To allow vaccines to be administered in multiple doses. D. To enhance the body’s recognition of foreign invaders. Q3. What does the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety do?A. It develops new vaccines for global use. B. It monitors vaccine safety throughout their lifetime. C. It ensures vaccines meet all clinical trial standards. D. It issues reports on vaccine development progress. Q4. What can be inferred about the vaccine safety monitoring system?A. It relies solely on clinical trial data for safety evaluation. B. It prevents people from reporting unrelated issues. C. It identifies patterns from millions of submitted reports. D. It stops monitoring once vaccines are approved. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe truth about vaccine safetyVGS: We are talking about vaccine today. This is part two of the vaccine series of Science in 5. In the first part, we spoke about some concerns that parents may have. (Q1) And in this video we are going to talk to our expert, Dr Kate O’Brien, about the ingredients of the vaccine. How do we make sure that vaccines are safe? Let’s start with the ingredients of the vaccine. There’s a lot of information and even misinformation out there. So please unpack this for us.KOB: So I want to just go through a couple of them because they have, you know, words and names that are pretty unfamiliar in our kind of day to day lives. And I think for a lot of people it can be concerning. For some it might sound a bit scary in some way. Many of the ingredients are actually components that we have in our environment, or in our foods. Not all the components of vaccines are foreign to our bodies or our exposure. So some of the ingredients include antigens. (Q2) Antigens are the part of a germ that is the actual part we want the body to develop its immunity to. It helps the immune system to actually recognize that foreign invader, that foreign germ that’s going to potentially cause disease. Second, are adjuvants. And adjuvants are the part of the vaccine that help boost the immune system. Not all vaccines will result in an adequate immune response without an adjuvant. The third part that’s added to a vaccine are maybe we can call them stabilizers. (Q3) And these are things that make sure that the vaccine is safe during transport and during all of the moving of the vaccine around. We also have, components of the vaccine that allow for some vaccines to be used after the vaccine vial is opened. If that’s made with multiple doses in a vial, it needs to be safe to keep that vaccine for multiple days in the refrigerator so that the next child who comes in can receive an additional dose in the vaccine.adjuvant n. 佐剂，助剂 vial n. 小瓶，药瓶 VGS: So let’s talk about the safety of the vaccine. That’s a concern a lot of parents may have. There is certainly a lot of information and misinformation about it outside. Talk to us about how we ensure that vaccines are safe. What is that process that vaccines are put through before they come to market?KOB: The very first thing that happens is that when a vaccine is being developed in the clinical trials, safety is monitored extremely carefully on a day to day basis, among those who have received the vaccine. There are phone calls made, logs filled out by parents about exactly what’s happening to this child. In order for a vaccine to go from a clinical trial to actually being an approved vaccine all of that safety information is rigorously evaluated, and it is assessed by experts who determine whether or not it needs safety standards. After a vaccine has been approved by a health authority the safety monitoring does not stop. In fact, safety monitoring goes out for the whole lifetime of use of a vaccine. It never actually stops. So health authorities are monitoring whether any reports are being given about potential problems with a vaccine. (Q4) Now at WHO, we have a safety committee. It’s an external committee of experts. And they get together and they review the reports that are submitted to the Global Monitoring Center. This is called the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. And if a new safety issue comes up, we will issue a report around that safety issue.rigorously adv. 严厉地；严密地 VGS: So let’s talk about it when, there are concerns about the safety or there are concerns about a vaccine. What happens next?KOB: So what’s really important for people to understand is how this system works. It doesn’t mean anything to actually be telling the world how many reports came in, because you could submit a report about something that has absolutely nothing to do with the vaccine. That’s why the system is completely open, we don’t want to put any barriers up to people being able to report. What’s done with all of those reports is a careful review of them, especially in relation to which vaccines the report says were received and to see if there are any patterns that start to emerge in the reports. (Q5) If there starts to be a signal that comes up from those many, many, in fact, millions of reports that are sent in, we look into that signal specifically with the kinds of studies that will determine, is this something that is actually related to the vaccine or not related to the vaccine?VGS: Thank you Kate for explaining that. Those were some of the questions that we knew people had about vaccines. If you have more questions, put that on our timelines and tell us if you want us to continue explaining, clarifying any of your concerns about vaccines. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Antigens are the part of a germ that is the actual part we want the body to develop its immunity to. It helps the immune system to actually recognize that foreign invader, that foreign germ that’s going to potentially cause disease.”，可知抗原的功能是帮助免疫系统识别外来病原体，因此正确答案是D。 Q2. A.【解析】细节题。根据“And these are things that make sure that the vaccine is safe during transport and during all of the moving of the vaccine around.”，可知稳定剂的主要功能是确保疫苗在运输和移动过程中保持安全有效。因此正确答案是A。 Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“And they get together and they review the reports that are submitted to the Global Monitoring Center. This is called the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. And if a new safety issue comes up, we will issue a report around that safety issue.”，可知世卫组织的全球疫苗安全咨询委员会负责监控疫苗的安全性，并在发现新的安全问题时发布相关报告，也就是说该委员会的职责是全程监控疫苗的安全性，因此正确答案是B。 Q4. C.【解析】推理题。根据“If there starts to be a signal that comes up from those many, many, in fact, millions of reports that are sent in, we look into that signal specifically with the kinds of studies that will determine, is this something that is actually related to the vaccine or not related to the vaccine.”，可知如果从那些实际上提交的数百万份报告中开始出现一个信号，监控系统会专门通过研究来分析该信号，以确定它是否与疫苗相关。这表明监控系统通过分析大量报告来识别潜在问题，因此正确答案是C。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛商务英语组二等奖贺静授课

授课点评：贺静老师授课效果较好，教学目标清楚、教学方法得当、教学程序井井有条。此外，贺静老师口齿清晰，语音语调比较纯正、流利；教态端庄自然，有亲和力，教学过程中与学生互动良好，体现了以学生为主体，教师为主导的教学原则。授课分两部分。第一部分介绍该单元（Empire of Wealth）的总教学安排，用了3分30秒，时间把握得比较好。另外，设计的PPT形式多样，各种图表清楚展现了教学安排。授课开始的第三分钟，PPT显示的该单元总教学目标及三篇课文的教学目标一览无遗，加上贺静老师的阐释，清晰地传递了教学目标和学习目标，这能帮助学生在课堂内外围绕主题有效学习。紧接着，贺静老师借助PPT上的流程图比较详细地介绍了授课课文In Praise of Competitive Urges的教学安排，其中的Problem-centred教学方法对学生发现、分析和解决问题有很大帮助。之后进入第二部分：比赛授课阶段。第二部分具体授课含四个阶段。进入第一阶段Warm-up时，贺静老师显得有点紧张，但很快就调整好了状态。该阶段有教师对课文理解的提问，请学生从课文中找到相关的依据回答问题，这种做法本来值得称道，因为授课不能离开课文。但是，Warm-up阶段是课前准备阶段，因此，贺静老师在Warm-up阶段讲解课文不妥，建议把重点放在教材中的Warm-up Activities上，适当设计一些附加的活动，才符合教学逻辑。此外，在总时间为20分钟且第一阶段用了3分30秒的情况下，Warm-up阶段用了5分1秒显得有点过长。之后是第二阶段Questionnaire Results，贺静老师分析解释了调查表中的信息，谈了自己对问题的看法，期间激励学生思考、回答问题，这对培养学生的独立思考能力及理解课文非常有益。Questionnaire之后进入授课第三阶段：Wealth-flaunting Motivations / Summarizing。炫富动机是课文包含的核心内容之一。因此，讨论炫富动机有助于学生理解课文。教师要求学生从PPT上（视频13'）显示的课文段落寻找答案，并要求学生做pair work找到有关的词汇。另外，通过分析课文的修辞寓意，贺静老师阐释了文章作者的真实目的。这一点做得很好。另一方面，根据该单元内容，所授的是“综合商务英语”课程。因此，贺静老师应更多围绕语言难点、篇章结构、写作风格、文法修辞等方面进行解释，让学生对课文有更深层次的理解。第四阶段Assignment在视频18'15"开始。课后作业包括questionnaire设计、调研报告写作、相关阅读作业。这样较好兼顾了综合商务英语课程语言学习和商务实践的教学特点。建议更多以教材内容教学为主，重视语言、篇章教学，在帮助学生充分理解课文的前提下掌握一些商务知识和技能；需要结合课文融入更多的思政教育内容。点评专家：翁凤翔

第12届教学大赛商务英语组特等奖潘紫萌说课

说课点评：在30分钟的准备时间里，读完、理解一篇800多词的商务英语文章，记住文章的结构和要点，设计出一套有理论指导、教学理念清晰、目标合理、结构完整、方法得当，最好再带点创新的教学方案，然后在10分钟的时间里，用英语条理清晰地把它展示出来，这对任何商务英语教师来讲都是一项重大的挑战。潘紫萌老师首先分析了课文，根据内容将其解构成三大部分。选手将第二部分（第3-8段）归纳成 promotion, price and place 和将第三部分（第9段）归纳成对计划进入中国市场的外国企业的忠告，这都是正确的。但是，她把第一部分（第1-2段）归纳成product，进而把前两部分归纳成营销学中著名的4P战略，这种做法有待商榷。因为课文的第1段主要讲两个问题：1）营销战略如何在中国成功，2）这些战略如何根据中国人的喜好以及对产品或服务的认知进行调整，而不是具体的产品。也许是准备的时间非常紧迫，选手对课文的理解和归纳出现了偏差。然后，潘老师分析了学生的特点。在教学模式上，她采取以学生为中心、以产出为导向的教学模式。其教学目标包括商务英语知识、商务技能和伦理价值。在具体的教学方法上，她例举了基于任务的教学、基于讨论的教学、案例教学、学生参与的测评等，并强调要综合利用线上线下教学资源。在学习测评上，她采用师生共同参与的方式，以增强教学效果。至于具体的教学步骤，她采用BOPPPS模式，再加课后作业。以上教学方案应该说中规中矩，显示出潘老师对商务英语教学的理论、模式、方法和测评等各要素有比较全面的了解。潘老师最亮眼的表现是在10分钟的时间里，用流利的英语将其教学方案展现出来，而且条理清晰，相关的教学理论、教学方法、商务知识、商务案例均了然于胸，信手拈来，同时口到手到，同步将所讲内容写到白板上，手起笔落，一气呵成。在提问阶段，潘老师的表现依旧出色，理解到位，回答中肯，表现出较高的英语基本功和商务、人文素养。不过有的回答可以再精炼一些。比如在回答第一个问题时，把EGP，EOP，EAP，ESP 的定义都讲了一遍，有点啰嗦。总而言之，潘紫萌在说课中表现突出，是一位素质比较全面、经验比较丰富的优秀商务英语教师。点评专家：陈准民

新世纪日语专业本科生系列：中日同声传译入门教程 30 第15课精力分配（课外练习）

新标准职业本科英语：综合教程 第3册 Unit 4 PPT课件（试用版）