全新版大学英语视听说教程2

《全新版大学英语视听说教程》共四册，每册八单元，突出视听说技能、演讲技能和批判性思维能力的培养。该数字课程每单元包含Listening, Extended Listening, Speaking, TEDTalks, Presentation和Self-test六大部分。听力训练主题广泛、注重听力和记笔记技能的培养，素材包括电视或电台采访、新闻报道、专题讨论等，同时还有与单元主题相关的拓展听力兼顾学生应试需求。口语和语音训练通过人机对话、跟读评分，有效提升学生口语水平。以TED演讲为素材的视频练习，突出记笔记、作演讲能力的培养。数字课程特有的单元自测通过词汇和听力测试有效检验学生的学习效果。

全新版大学英语视听说教程1

《全新版大学英语视听说教程》共四册，每册八单元，突出视听说技能、演讲技能和批判性思维能力的培养。该数字课程每单元包含Listening, Extended Listening, Speaking, TEDTalks, Presentation和Self-test六大部分。听力训练主题广泛、注重听力和记笔记技能的培养，素材包括电视或电台采访、新闻报道、专题讨论等，同时还有与单元主题相关的拓展听力兼顾学生应试需求。口语和语音训练通过人机对话、跟读评分，有效提升学生口语水平。以TED演讲为素材的视频练习，突出记笔记、作演讲能力的培养。数字课程特有的单元自测通过词汇和听力测试有效检验学生的学习效果。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3（思政智慧版）

新闻听力 | 炎热天气让人变得迟钝

炎热天气让人变得迟钝Heat Might Cloud Your Brain常速 | 六级（易） | 526词 | 3min31s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is one way extreme heat can affect people, according to the passage?A. It can increase the speed at which people complete tasks.B. It can improve people’s ability to solve difficult problems.C. It can help people remember information more easily.D. It can make it harder to think and make good decisions.Q2. What did the Boston study find about students without air conditioning?A. They were more comfortable while studying.B. They performed less well on the tests.C. They were better at solving numerical problems.D. They completed both tests in less time.Q3. Why does the speaker mention the limitations of the Boston study?A. To show that its findings should be interpreted with some caution.B. To suggest that the researchers used the wrong testing methods.C. To explain why high temperatures affect only university students.D. To prove that air conditioning has little effect on learning.Q4. What did the large study in China suggest about long-term exposure to extreme heat?A. It has little effect unless people suffer heat stroke.B. It mainly affects people’s physical strength.C. It may be linked to a decline in cognitive ability.D. It can improve memory after repeated exposure.Q5. What does the speaker suggest people do when they have to make an important decision on a very hot day?A. Avoid asking others for advice about the decision.B. Make the decision quickly before becoming tired.C. Trust their first reaction rather than overthink it.D. Cool down first and consider the decision carefully.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow Heat Waves Affect Your BrainHeat waves are becoming more common in many parts of the world. Most people know that extreme heat can cause health problems, such as heart and breathing difficulties. In serious cases, it can even lead to heat stroke or death. But there is another effect of extreme heat that we may not think about: it can affect the way our brains work.When the temperature gets too high, our bodies try to keep us cool. More blood and energy are sent to parts of the body that help control our temperature. As a result, the brain may receive less blood than usual. Scientists are still studying exactly how this process affects the brain. (Q1) However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.One interesting study was carried out during a heat wave in Boston in 2016. Researchers studied university students living in different buildings. Some students had air conditioning, while others did not. The students with air conditioning stayed in rooms with an average temperature of about 21°C. The rooms without air conditioning were much warmer, with an average temperature of about 26°C.For 12 days, the students completed two simple tests each day. One test involved adding and subtracting numbers. The other was a test of attention. (Q2) The results were clear: students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.(Q3) Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students. However, other studies have found similar results. When people are exposed to high temperatures, they often have more difficulty paying attention and remembering information. They may also be slower at solving problems and making decisions.There is also evidence that long-term exposure to extreme heat may affect our brains. In one large study, researchers followed more than 53,000 people in China for eight years. (Q4) They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability. The researchers estimated that if the number of extremely hot days increases in the future, average human cognitive ability could decline.The effects of heat are not the same for everyone. Older people, for example, may be more strongly affected. People with certain physical conditions may also face greater risks. In addition, even a short period of extreme heat may affect our thinking for some time afterward.So what should we do? The simplest advice is to avoid making important decisions when we are extremely hot. If possible, wait until you are in a cooler environment. (Q5-1) When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.We often use the expression “in the heat of the moment” to describe a decision made without enough thought. As heat waves become more common, the expression may have a more literal meaning than we realize. (Q5-2) When the weather is extremely hot, cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.” 意为：“研究已经表明，高温会使人们更难集中注意力、记忆信息、解决问题和做出正确决定。”因此正确答案为D。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“... students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.” 意为：“……处在较热房间里的学生表现更差，他们答对的问题更少，完成注意力测试所花的时间也更长。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. A.【解析】推断题。题目出处为：“Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students.” 意为：“当然，一项研究不能说明所有问题，因为参与者人数较少，而且都是大学生。”由此可以推断，研究样本有限，因此其结果需要谨慎理解，不能简单推广到所有人群。故正确答案为A。Q4. C.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability.” 意为：“研究发现，经历更多高温天气的人，在记忆和数学能力测试中的表现往往更差。”由此可知，长期暴露于极端高温可能与认知能力下降有关，因此正确答案为C。Q5. D.【解析】细节与推断题。题目出处为：“When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.” 以及结尾处“… cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.” 意为：“如果一项重要决定无法推迟，反而应当慢慢考虑，仔细检查自己的思路，并向他人寻求建议。”以及“给身体降降温，可能也有助于让大脑更好地运转。”因此可以概括为在高温环境下做重要决定前，应先给自己降降温并认真思考，故正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 为什么大型AI实验室正在大量招聘哲学家？

为什么大型AI实验室正在大量招聘哲学家？Why big AI labs are hiring so many philosophers?文本难度：CET-6刘立军供稿Ten years ago, as the AI revolution was gathering pace, arts and humanities students were told that, if they wanted to make themselves employable, they should “learn to code”. That may have been bad advice. These days, it is programmers who are nervous about AI taking their jobs.十年前，随着人工智能革命加速推进，文科生曾被告知，如果想让自己更具就业竞争力，就应该“学点编程”。但如今看来，这或许是个糟糕的建议。现在感到焦虑的已换成了程序员——他们担心自己的岗位会被AI取代。They might consider learning to philosophize. Earlier this year the Federal Reserve Bank of New York published figures showing that American philosophy graduates are more likely to have jobs than their peers who studied computer science. In 2024, the most recent year for which numbers are available, 7% of those who had studied computer science were unemployed, against just 5.1% of philosophers.他们或许才该考虑去学学哲学。今年早些时候，纽约联邦储备银行公布的数据显示，美国哲学专业毕业生比计算机科学专业的同龄人更容易找到工作。在数据可查的最近年份——2024年，计算机专业毕业生的失业率达7%，而哲学专业毕业生仅为5.1%。Many are being snapped up by AI firms themselves. Students get job offers before they have graduated, says Luciano Floridi, a philosopher at Yale University. Academics are moving, too. Dr Floridi describes the scale of departures from philosophy departments as a “hemorrhaging”.许多哲学专业毕业生正被AI公司直接抢走。耶鲁大学哲学家卢西亚诺·弗洛里迪表示，很多学生还没毕业就收到了工作录用通知。高校学者也在纷纷出走。弗洛里迪博士将哲学系人才流失的态势形容为一场“大出血”。Some of the lessons that philosophy can offer AI researchers are ancient. The Socratic method—as described by Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher—uses feigned ignorance and sequential questioning to clarify meanings, spot contradictions and reveal ramifications. Many current AI systems tend towards sycophancy. Models trained in the Socratic method, says Jörg Noller, an expert on philosophy and AI at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, are less keen on people-pleasing and more willing to pursue the truth.哲学能为AI研究者提供的某些洞见，其实古已有之。古希腊哲学家柏拉图所描述的苏格拉底诘问法，通过“假装无知”和循序渐进的提问，来厘清概念、发现矛盾并推演深层影响。然而，当前许多AI系统都存在一味迎合用户的倾向。慕尼黑大学哲学与AI交叉领域专家约尔格·诺勒表示，若用苏格拉底式方法来训练模型，它们会减少讨好用户的冲动，转而更坚定地追求真相。Philosophical training can also affect a model’s outlook in more specific ways. Feed an AI legal assistant the writings of John Locke, says Thomas Powers, a philosopher of technology at the University of Delaware, and it will favor robust property rights as an underpinning of political liberty. And if you don’t like those principles, the model-makers have others. The “Granite” series of models from IBM, an American computing giant, come with dials that let business customers better align outputs with their own corporate philosophies. Francesca Rossi, IBM’s head of responsible AI, says these can let users choose where to strike the balance between philosophical trade-offs, such as individual agency versus social harmony.哲学训练还能以更具体的方式，塑造模型的价值取向。特拉华大学技术哲学家托马斯·鲍尔斯指出，如果让AI法律助手研读约翰·洛克的著作，它就会倾向于将坚实的财产权视为政治自由的基石。如果你不喜欢这些原则，模型开发者还有其他选择。美国计算巨头IBM推出的“Granite”系列模型配备了调节旋钮，让企业客户能够更好地使输出结果与自身的企业理念相契合。IBM“负责任AI”负责人弗朗西斯卡·罗西表示，这些旋钮可以让用户在各种哲学层面的取舍间把握平衡，例如在“个人自主性”与“社会和谐”之间找到恰当的权衡点。Philosophy can help with safety, too. Researchers have documented all sorts of ominous behavior in AI models, including attempts to evade oversight and even blackmail their users. One way model-makers try to discourage this sort of misbehavior is called AI constitutionalism. This involves building a model around a scaffolding of rules and principles culled from philosophical writings with legal or moral authority.哲学也能在安全领域发挥作用。研究人员记录了AI模型中出现的各种令人担忧的行为，包括试图规避监管甚至勒索用户的行为。为遏制此类不当行为，模型开发者引入一种被称为“AI宪政主义”的机制。该机制要求以一套规则和原则作为底层支撑框架，而这些规范均是从具有法律或道德权威的哲学著作中遴选提炼而成。The biggest question, though, is what sorts of rules should be put in those constitutions in the first place. Philosophers have zeroed in on two main ethical frameworks. One is deontology. Popular with Kant, among others, this imposes strict rules that prohibit things like lying, coercion and treating people as a means rather than an end, even if it is for a greater good. Anthropic’s constitution incorporates many deontological strictures. These can make AI behavior more consistent, says Dr Powers—a plus for deploying robots in homes and public spaces.然而，最大的问题是：这些“宪法”中究竟应该纳入什么样的规则？哲学家们聚焦于两大核心伦理框架。其一是义务论。以康德等学者为代表，该理论强调设定严格的规则，禁止说谎、胁迫或将他人视为手段而非目的等行为，即使此举可能带来所谓的更大福祉。Anthropic公司的“宪法”便纳入了许多义务论式的刚性约束。鲍尔斯博士表示，这类规范可以使AI行为更加一致——这正是在家庭和公共场所部署机器人的重要优势。The other approach to ethics of interest to philosophers of AI is called consequentialism. It weighs costs against benefits to decide what to do. Models more sympathetic to consequentialism include OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini. Google’s AI models are designed to produce “likely overall benefits [that] substantially outweigh the foreseeable risks”, a classic consequentialist goal.AI哲学研究者关注的另一种伦理方法被称为结果主义。它通过权衡成本与收益来决定该做什么。更倾向于结果主义的模型有OpenAI的ChatGPT和谷歌的Gemini。谷歌的AI模型在设计时明确以“可能带来的整体收益远远超过可预见的风险”为目标——这是一个典型的结果论目标。Consequentialist algorithms are also crucial in software for autonomous vehicles: if an accident is unavoidable, a decision must be made on the least tragic way to crash. Chris Gerdes, a senior engineer at Waymo, which makes self-driving cars, says the trend is to make driving software more consequentialist. Consequentialism is also central to AI weapon systems. Military objectives must be weighed against possible civilian deaths, says Jack Shanahan, a former head of the Joint Artificial Intelligence Centre, which studies AI for America’s armed forces.结果主义算法在自动驾驶汽车的软件中也至关重要：如果事故不可避免，就必须做出决策，以损失最小的方式发生碰撞。自动驾驶汽车制造商Waymo的资深工程师克里斯·格德斯表示，目前的趋势是让驾驶软件更深度地融入结果主义逻辑。结果主义也是AI武器系统的核心原则。曾负责为美军开展人工智能研究的“联合人工智能中心”前主任杰克·沙纳汉表示，必须在军事目标的达成与可能造成的平民伤亡风险之间进行权衡。Thorny problems abound—a philosopher’s favorite sort. Are there cases when deontological rules should be overridden? How do you make decisions when the consequences are unclear? Should AI systems take into account animal welfare, or the state of the environment? Would it be morally acceptable to prioritize young pedestrians over old ones? 棘手的问题层出不穷——正是哲学家最热衷探讨的那类问题。是否存在义务论规则应该被推翻的情况？当后果不明确时，该如何做出决策？AI系统是否应该考虑动物福利或环境状况？优先保护年轻行人而非年长行人，在道德上是否可以接受？Critics fret about “moral deskilling”: if computers increasingly make ethical calls, might people become less willing to make their own judgments? Roman Yampolskiy, an AI theoretician at the University of Louisville, argues that morality “is historically unstable, culturally variable, strategically manipulable, and often only retrospectively legible”. Unemployed coders take note: there seems to be no shortage of work for philosophers of AI.批评者担忧“道德能力退化”：如果计算机越来越多地做出伦理判断，人们是否会逐渐丧失自己做判断的意愿？路易斯维尔大学的AI理论家罗曼·扬波尔斯基认为，道德“具有历史的不稳定性、文化的可变性与策略的可操纵性，而且往往只能事后追溯其意义”。失业的程序员们请注意：AI哲学家的饭碗恐怕永远不缺。【词汇】1. humanities n. 人文学科；人文科学2. hemorrhage n. 大量流失（文中喻指人才流失）3. Socratic adj. 苏格拉底的；苏格拉底式的4. feign v. 佯装；假装5. ramification n. 衍生含义；复杂影响6. sycophant n. 谄媚者；阿谀奉承的人7. underpin v. 支撑；作为……的基石8. ominous adj. 不祥的；令人担忧的9. scaffolding n. 脚手架；支撑结构（文中喻指框架）10. cull v. 挑选；选取11. coercion n. 胁迫；强迫12. deontological adj. 义务论的13. stricture n. 戒律；严格限制14. ethics n. 伦理学；伦理15. outweigh v. 超过；比……更重要16. algorithm n. 算法17. tragic adj. 悲剧性的；可悲的18. fret v. 担忧；焦虑19. deskill v. 使技能退化；去技能化20. legible adj. 可读的；可理解的（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 每天步行多少步能防止发胖？

每天步行多少步能防止发胖？How many daily steps can help keep weight off?常速 | 五级（偏难） | 443词 | 2min59s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What daily step goal does the study suggest may help people maintain weight loss?A. Around 6,000 steps each day.B. Around 7,000 steps each day.C. Around 8,500 steps each day.D. Around 10,000 steps each day.Q2. What kind of data did the researchers analyze in the study?A. Medical records from several health institutions.B. Data collected from eighteen earlier studies.C. Survey responses from daily fitness users.D. Interviews with doctors at obesity clinics.Q3. According to the study, what did researchers discover about walking during weight loss programs?A. It immediately improved participants’ overall health.B. It replaced the need for diet changes.C. It helped people lose weight much faster.D. It showed limited effect on additional weight loss.Q4. What can be inferred about the role of physical activity in weight management?A. It works best when combined with medical treatment.B. It is more helpful for keeping weight off long term.C. It is mainly useful for people with severe obesity.D. It is more effective than diet control at first.Q5. What does Dr. Tara Narula mainly suggest about the study findings?A. They should be considered a useful but preliminary result.B. They should guide people to exercise exactly 8,500 steps.C. They should replace traditional weight loss advice.D. They should be applied to every adult immediately.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many daily steps can help keep weight off?(Q1) A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.(Q2) The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.(Q3) Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs. However, people who continued taking more steps each day were more likely to keep the weight off over time.Over an average follow-up period of about 1.5 years, researchers found participants maintained roughly 1% of weight loss for every additional 1,000 steps they walked daily, with the average participant starting at about 7,400 steps per day at baseline.The study noted that an average of 8,500 daily steps appeared to help participants maintain weight loss the longest, though researchers stressed that it is not a strict target or prescription for everyone.prescription n. 处方；建议；规定The increased activity happened as part of structured lifestyle programs that also included diet changes and behavioral counseling.“This was a lifestyle modification program, and it really is a multifactorial approach when it comes to weight loss. So these individuals got diet and behavioral counseling in addition to really moving more. And so you really need all of that,” ABC News medical contributor Dr. Tara Narula said on “Good Morning America” Monday.multifactorial adj. 多因素的；由多种因素造成的(Q5) Narula noted that researchers described the findings as “hypothesis-generating” and said more research is needed.“The researchers say, look, this is really hypothesis-generating; it should push us to do more research,” she explained. “It is not a prescription that everyone should go out and now do 8,500 steps. But it is helpful information.”(Q4) Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.The study also had several limitations. The analysis only included adults who were overweight or obese and relied on pooled population data, meaning the findings show correlation rather than direct cause and effect.correlation n. 相互关系；关联“Certainly if you’re planning to do a weight loss program, talk to your doctor about what is right for you in terms of your movement and goals overall,” Narula said. “And healthy habits build on each other. The more you lose weight, the more you want to exercise, and you feel better. But it really is helpful to know that just that little bit of increase might be all you need.”Part III. KEYQ1.C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.” 意为：“一项新的研究表明，增加每日步数或许有助于长期保持减重效果，建议将每日步数目标设置为每天8500步左右。”该句直接给出了研究所建议的步数目标，因此正确答案为C。Q2.B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.” 意为：“这项研究发表在《国际环境研究与公共健康期刊》上，并于上周在欧洲肥胖大会上做了报告。研究分析了此前18项探讨减重和身体活动关系的相关数据。”该句明确说明研究的数据来源，因此正确答案为B。Q3.D.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs.” 意为：“研究人员发现，在减重计划进行阶段，多走路与进一步减轻体重之间并没有很强的联系。”由此可知，在减重过程中增加步数并不会显著带来额外的减重效果，因此正确答案为D。Q4.B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.” 意为：“研究人员得出结论，在减重阶段限制热量摄入的作用可能更为显著，而更高强度的运动则与长期维持减重成果关系更为密切。”由此可以推断，运动对于维持长期减重更为有效，因此正确答案为B。Q5.A.【解析】观点题。题目出处为：“Narula noted that researchers described the findings as ‘hypothesis generating’ and said more research is needed.” 意为：“纳鲁拉指出，研究人员将这些发现定性为‘生成假说’性质，并强调仍需要进一步研究。” 该句表明研究结果具有一定参考价值，但仍属于初步发现，需要进一步研究验证，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 香烟如何影响身体？

香烟如何影响身体？How do cigarettes affect the body?常速 | 七级（偏易）| 699词 | 4min49s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What substance in cigarettes is responsible for making smoking highly addictive? A. Tar. B. Carbon monoxide. C. Nicotine. D. Arsenic. Q2. What is one of the immediate physical benefits of quitting smoking? A. Improved eyesight and bone strength. B. Stabilization of carbon monoxide levels. C. Restoration of DNA repair processes. D. Reduced risk of erectile dysfunction. Q3. What happens to the cilia in the lungs after quitting smoking for 9 months? A. They are permanently damaged. B. They start producing harmful chemicals. C. They become less effective in cleaning airways. D. They are restored and improve resistance to infection. Q4. What can be inferred about the long-term effects of quitting smoking? A. Quitting smoking has no impact on coronary heart disease. B. The body gradually regains its ability to repair DNA. C. Lung cancer risk remains unchanged after quitting smoking. D. The benefits of quitting smoking are limited to younger smokers. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To highlight the dangers of smoking and benefits of quitting. B. To explain the chemical composition of cigarettes. C. To discuss the psychological challenges of quitting smoking. D. To analyze the global impact of smoking-related diseases. Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow do cigarettes affect the body?Cigarettes aren’t good for us. That’s hardly news — we’ve known about the dangers of smoking for decades. But how exactly do cigarettes harm us? Let’s look at what happens as their ingredients make their way through our bodies, and how we benefit physically when we finally give up smoking.With each inhalation, smoke brings its more than 5,000 chemical substances into contact with the body’s tissues. From the start, tar, a black, resinous material, begins to coat the teeth and gums, damaging tooth enamel, and eventually causing decay. Over time, smoke also damages nerve-endings in the nose, causing loss of smell.Inside the airways and lungs, smoke increases the likelihood of infections, as well as chronic diseases like bronchitis and emphysema. It does this by damaging the cilia, tiny hairlike structures whose job it is to keep the airways clean. It then fills the alveoli, tiny air sacs that enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. A toxic gas called carbon monoxide crosses that membrane into the blood, binding to hemoglobin and displacing the oxygen it would usually have transported around the body. That’s one of the reasons smoking can lead to oxygen deprivation and shortness of breath.bronchitis n. 支气管炎 emphysema n. 肺气肿 alveoli n. 肺泡 sac n. 囊，气囊 membrane n. 膜 hemoglobin n. 血红蛋白 (Q1) Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters including endorphins that create the pleasurable sensations which make smoking highly addictive. Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette simultaneously cause constriction of blood vessels and damage their delicate endothelial lining, restricting blood flow. These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls and enhance blood platelet stickiness, increasing the likelihood that clots will form and trigger heart attacks and strokes.dopamine n. 多巴胺 neurotransmitter n. 神经递质 endorphin n. 内啡肽 endothelial adj. 内皮的 lining n. 内衬，内膜 Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can trigger dangerous mutations in the body’s DNA that make cancers form. Additionally, ingredients like arsenic and nickel may disrupt the process of DNA repair, thus compromising the body’s ability to fight many cancers. In fact, about one of every three cancer deaths in the United States is caused by smoking.And it’s not just lung cancer. Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs, as well as damaged eyesight and weakened bones. It makes it harder for women to get pregnant. And in men, it can cause erectile dysfunction.dysfunction n. 功能障碍 But for those who quit smoking, there’s a huge positive upside with almost immediate and long-lasting physical benefits.Just 20 minutes after a smoker’s final cigarette, their heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal. (Q2) After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. A day after ceasing, heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates normalize. After two days, the nerve endings responsible for smell and taste start to recover.Lungs become healthier after about one month, with less coughing and shortness of breath. (Q3) The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.cilia n. 纤毛 By the one-year anniversary of quitting, heart disease risk plummets to half as blood vessel function improves. Five years in, the chance of a clot forming dramatically declines, and the risk of stroke continues to reduce. (Q4) After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored. Fifteen years in, the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease is essentially the same as that of a non-smoker.plummet v. 暴跌，骤降 coronary adj. 冠状的，冠状动脉的 There’s no point pretending this is all easy to achieve. Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression, resulting from nicotine withdrawal. But fortunately, such effects are usually temporary. And quitting is getting easier, thanks to a growing arsenal of tools. Nicotine replacement therapy through gum, skin patches, lozenges, and sprays may help wean smokers off cigarettes. They work by stimulating nicotine receptors in the brain and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms, without the addition of other harmful chemicals. Counselling and support groups, cognitive behavioral therapy, and moderate intensity exercise also help smokers stay cigarette-free.lozenge n. 含片，润喉片 wean v. 使断奶，使戒掉 That’s good news, since quitting puts you and your body on the path back to health.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。根据“Within about 10 seconds, the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.”，可知血液将一种叫尼古丁的刺激物输送到大脑，触发多巴胺和其他神经递质的释放，使人吸烟成瘾。正确答案为C。 Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize, increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.”，可知在戒烟后12小时，血液中的一氧化碳水平稳定下来，增加了血液携带氧气的能力，是戒烟后即时身体益处。正确答案为B。 Q3. D.【解析】细节题。根据“The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.”，可知呼吸道和肺部的纤毛在几周内开始恢复，并在9个月后恢复，提高了对感染的抵抗力。正确答案为D。 Q4. B.【解析】推理题。根据“After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored.”，可知在戒烟十年后，患致命肺癌的几率下降了50%，可能是因为身体修复DNA的能力再次恢复。从中可以推断，戒烟后身体会逐渐恢复修复DNA的能力。正确答案为B。 Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。文章主要讨论了吸烟对身体的危害以及戒烟带来的健康益处处。正确答案为A。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 疫苗安全真相

The truth about vaccine safety疫苗安全真相常速 | 五级（中等）| 856词 | 5min41s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the main function of antigens in vaccines?A. To enhance the immune system’s response. B. To ensure the vaccine remains effective after opening. C. To preserve the vaccine during transport. D. To help the body recognize foreign germs. Q2. What is the main purpose of stabilizers in vaccines?A. To ensure vaccines remain effective during storage and transport. B. To boost the immune system’s response to germs. C. To allow vaccines to be administered in multiple doses. D. To enhance the body’s recognition of foreign invaders. Q3. What does the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety do?A. It develops new vaccines for global use. B. It monitors vaccine safety throughout their lifetime. C. It ensures vaccines meet all clinical trial standards. D. It issues reports on vaccine development progress. Q4. What can be inferred about the vaccine safety monitoring system?A. It relies solely on clinical trial data for safety evaluation. B. It prevents people from reporting unrelated issues. C. It identifies patterns from millions of submitted reports. D. It stops monitoring once vaccines are approved. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe truth about vaccine safetyVGS: We are talking about vaccine today. This is part two of the vaccine series of Science in 5. In the first part, we spoke about some concerns that parents may have. (Q1) And in this video we are going to talk to our expert, Dr Kate O’Brien, about the ingredients of the vaccine. How do we make sure that vaccines are safe? Let’s start with the ingredients of the vaccine. There’s a lot of information and even misinformation out there. So please unpack this for us.KOB: So I want to just go through a couple of them because they have, you know, words and names that are pretty unfamiliar in our kind of day to day lives. And I think for a lot of people it can be concerning. For some it might sound a bit scary in some way. Many of the ingredients are actually components that we have in our environment, or in our foods. Not all the components of vaccines are foreign to our bodies or our exposure. So some of the ingredients include antigens. (Q2) Antigens are the part of a germ that is the actual part we want the body to develop its immunity to. It helps the immune system to actually recognize that foreign invader, that foreign germ that’s going to potentially cause disease. Second, are adjuvants. And adjuvants are the part of the vaccine that help boost the immune system. Not all vaccines will result in an adequate immune response without an adjuvant. The third part that’s added to a vaccine are maybe we can call them stabilizers. (Q3) And these are things that make sure that the vaccine is safe during transport and during all of the moving of the vaccine around. We also have, components of the vaccine that allow for some vaccines to be used after the vaccine vial is opened. If that’s made with multiple doses in a vial, it needs to be safe to keep that vaccine for multiple days in the refrigerator so that the next child who comes in can receive an additional dose in the vaccine.adjuvant n. 佐剂，助剂 vial n. 小瓶，药瓶 VGS: So let’s talk about the safety of the vaccine. That’s a concern a lot of parents may have. There is certainly a lot of information and misinformation about it outside. Talk to us about how we ensure that vaccines are safe. What is that process that vaccines are put through before they come to market?KOB: The very first thing that happens is that when a vaccine is being developed in the clinical trials, safety is monitored extremely carefully on a day to day basis, among those who have received the vaccine. There are phone calls made, logs filled out by parents about exactly what’s happening to this child. In order for a vaccine to go from a clinical trial to actually being an approved vaccine all of that safety information is rigorously evaluated, and it is assessed by experts who determine whether or not it needs safety standards. After a vaccine has been approved by a health authority the safety monitoring does not stop. In fact, safety monitoring goes out for the whole lifetime of use of a vaccine. It never actually stops. So health authorities are monitoring whether any reports are being given about potential problems with a vaccine. (Q4) Now at WHO, we have a safety committee. It’s an external committee of experts. And they get together and they review the reports that are submitted to the Global Monitoring Center. This is called the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. And if a new safety issue comes up, we will issue a report around that safety issue.rigorously adv. 严厉地；严密地 VGS: So let’s talk about it when, there are concerns about the safety or there are concerns about a vaccine. What happens next?KOB: So what’s really important for people to understand is how this system works. It doesn’t mean anything to actually be telling the world how many reports came in, because you could submit a report about something that has absolutely nothing to do with the vaccine. That’s why the system is completely open, we don’t want to put any barriers up to people being able to report. What’s done with all of those reports is a careful review of them, especially in relation to which vaccines the report says were received and to see if there are any patterns that start to emerge in the reports. (Q5) If there starts to be a signal that comes up from those many, many, in fact, millions of reports that are sent in, we look into that signal specifically with the kinds of studies that will determine, is this something that is actually related to the vaccine or not related to the vaccine?VGS: Thank you Kate for explaining that. Those were some of the questions that we knew people had about vaccines. If you have more questions, put that on our timelines and tell us if you want us to continue explaining, clarifying any of your concerns about vaccines. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Antigens are the part of a germ that is the actual part we want the body to develop its immunity to. It helps the immune system to actually recognize that foreign invader, that foreign germ that’s going to potentially cause disease.”，可知抗原的功能是帮助免疫系统识别外来病原体，因此正确答案是D。 Q2. A.【解析】细节题。根据“And these are things that make sure that the vaccine is safe during transport and during all of the moving of the vaccine around.”，可知稳定剂的主要功能是确保疫苗在运输和移动过程中保持安全有效。因此正确答案是A。 Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“And they get together and they review the reports that are submitted to the Global Monitoring Center. This is called the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. And if a new safety issue comes up, we will issue a report around that safety issue.”，可知世卫组织的全球疫苗安全咨询委员会负责监控疫苗的安全性，并在发现新的安全问题时发布相关报告，也就是说该委员会的职责是全程监控疫苗的安全性，因此正确答案是B。 Q4. C.【解析】推理题。根据“If there starts to be a signal that comes up from those many, many, in fact, millions of reports that are sent in, we look into that signal specifically with the kinds of studies that will determine, is this something that is actually related to the vaccine or not related to the vaccine.”，可知如果从那些实际上提交的数百万份报告中开始出现一个信号，监控系统会专门通过研究来分析该信号，以确定它是否与疫苗相关。这表明监控系统通过分析大量报告来识别潜在问题，因此正确答案是C。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 每天步行多少步能防止发胖？

每天步行多少步能防止发胖？How many daily steps can help keep weight off?常速 | 五级（偏难） | 443词 | 2min59s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What daily step goal does the study suggest may help people maintain weight loss?A. Around 6,000 steps each day.B. Around 7,000 steps each day.C. Around 8,500 steps each day.D. Around 10,000 steps each day.Q2. What kind of data did the researchers analyze in the study?A. Medical records from several health institutions.B. Data collected from eighteen earlier studies.C. Survey responses from daily fitness users.D. Interviews with doctors at obesity clinics.Q3. According to the study, what did researchers discover about walking during weight loss programs?A. It immediately improved participants’ overall health.B. It replaced the need for diet changes.C. It helped people lose weight much faster.D. It showed limited effect on additional weight loss.Q4. What can be inferred about the role of physical activity in weight management?A. It works best when combined with medical treatment.B. It is more helpful for keeping weight off long term.C. It is mainly useful for people with severe obesity.D. It is more effective than diet control at first.Q5. What does Dr. Tara Narula mainly suggest about the study findings?A. They should be considered a useful but preliminary result.B. They should guide people to exercise exactly 8,500 steps.C. They should replace traditional weight loss advice.D. They should be applied to every adult immediately.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow many daily steps can help keep weight off?(Q1) A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.(Q2) The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.(Q3) Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs. However, people who continued taking more steps each day were more likely to keep the weight off over time.Over an average follow-up period of about 1.5 years, researchers found participants maintained roughly 1% of weight loss for every additional 1,000 steps they walked daily, with the average participant starting at about 7,400 steps per day at baseline.The study noted that an average of 8,500 daily steps appeared to help participants maintain weight loss the longest, though researchers stressed that it is not a strict target or prescription for everyone.prescription n. 处方；建议；规定The increased activity happened as part of structured lifestyle programs that also included diet changes and behavioral counseling.“This was a lifestyle modification program, and it really is a multifactorial approach when it comes to weight loss. So these individuals got diet and behavioral counseling in addition to really moving more. And so you really need all of that,” ABC News medical contributor Dr. Tara Narula said on “Good Morning America” Monday.multifactorial adj. 多因素的；由多种因素造成的(Q5) Narula noted that researchers described the findings as “hypothesis-generating” and said more research is needed.“The researchers say, look, this is really hypothesis-generating; it should push us to do more research,” she explained. “It is not a prescription that everyone should go out and now do 8,500 steps. But it is helpful information.”(Q4) Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.The study also had several limitations. The analysis only included adults who were overweight or obese and relied on pooled population data, meaning the findings show correlation rather than direct cause and effect.correlation n. 相互关系；关联“Certainly if you’re planning to do a weight loss program, talk to your doctor about what is right for you in terms of your movement and goals overall,” Narula said. “And healthy habits build on each other. The more you lose weight, the more you want to exercise, and you feel better. But it really is helpful to know that just that little bit of increase might be all you need.”Part III. KEYQ1.C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“A new study suggests that increasing daily step counts may help people maintain weight loss in the long term, and a goal to shoot for may be around 8,500 steps a day.” 意为：“一项新的研究表明，增加每日步数或许有助于长期保持减重效果，建议将每日步数目标设置为每天8500步左右。”该句直接给出了研究所建议的步数目标，因此正确答案为C。Q2.B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The research, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and presented last week at the European Obesity Conference, analyzed data from 18 previous studies looking at weight loss and physical activity.” 意为：“这项研究发表在《国际环境研究与公共健康期刊》上，并于上周在欧洲肥胖大会上做了报告。研究分析了此前18项探讨减重和身体活动关系的相关数据。”该句明确说明研究的数据来源，因此正确答案为B。Q3.D.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Researchers found that walking more was not strongly linked to losing additional weight during active weight loss programs.” 意为：“研究人员发现，在减重计划进行阶段，多走路与进一步减轻体重之间并没有很强的联系。”由此可知，在减重过程中增加步数并不会显著带来额外的减重效果，因此正确答案为D。Q4.B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“Researchers concluded that calorie restriction was likely more impactful during the weight loss phase, while higher levels of physical activity were more closely tied to long-term weight loss maintenance.” 意为：“研究人员得出结论，在减重阶段限制热量摄入的作用可能更为显著，而更高强度的运动则与长期维持减重成果关系更为密切。”由此可以推断，运动对于维持长期减重更为有效，因此正确答案为B。Q5.A.【解析】观点题。题目出处为：“Narula noted that researchers described the findings as ‘hypothesis generating’ and said more research is needed.” 意为：“纳鲁拉指出，研究人员将这些发现定性为‘生成假说’性质，并强调仍需要进一步研究。” 该句表明研究结果具有一定参考价值，但仍属于初步发现，需要进一步研究验证，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛英语专业组特等奖胡笑然说课

说课点评：胡笑然老师在说课环节清晰地表达了对所给文章的文本理解和基于语篇主题意义探究而开展教学的基本认识。在拿到文章后的短暂时间内，该选手对语篇进行了审读，并在此基础上快速构思了90分钟的教学设计，形成了基本的教学步骤。根据教学设计，胡老师计划选择与语篇主题相关的短视频为导入，激发学生的学习兴趣；然后以解读语篇为抓手，对语篇的主题、结构、语言、文体等方面进行分析。胡老师按照学生“学后能做”为目的，确定本课的教学目标并介绍了具体的教学步骤。她在教学设计中体现了自己的教学理念和对课文的独到见解，将课文分为三个部分，对每一部分的内容和结构进行了必要的讲解。通过解析语篇的主题，确定了语篇的中心思想，之后列举了语篇的核心概念、关键名词以及相关修饰词及其功能。胡老师将教学目标设定为学生“能做”，即能够理解语篇的主题意义，能够发现篇章结构的特征，能够与话题相同但来源不同的同类文章进行对比从而激发学生的批判性思维，能够从文章的体裁、结构、修辞等方面学习、理解和掌握语篇的关键词语，以及作者对关键概念的词语修饰和语言表达。教学设计安排了学生的小组讨论，要求学生形成有具体步骤的思维导图和概念关联，并在课堂上融入思政元素，并进行必要的陈述。最后一个环节为开放性的讨论，引导学生对不同的观点进行评论。胡老师基于丰富的教学经验和对学情的分析判断，对教学目的、教学重点、教学环节以及设计缘由作了清晰的陈述，显示了其对教学语篇的基本认识和语篇教学娴熟的驾驭能力。说课目的明确，条理清晰，设计突出主题，有一定的感染力，突出学生主体，采用活动途径，倡导体验参与，重视培养学生批判性思维和论说能力，所设计的教学环节有较好的可操作性。从整体上看，胡笑然老师有较高的人文素养和自己的教学风格，语言流畅，表述准确，知识面较广，该说课达到了较高的水准。不过胡笑然老师的时间把控不佳，说课缺乏完整性，强调篇章结构和概念理解，但忽略了教学评的一致性和一体化设计。建议她在今后的教学设计中更加重视学生在语言知识、语言技能、文化内涵、思维心智、情感态度等方面的综合发展和有效评价，积极采用探究式、任务型、交互性的教学方法，加强课外作业的安排和指导，促进学生在语言能力、人文素养、科学思维等方面的同步发展。点评专家：梅德明

第12届教学大赛商务英语组特等奖潘紫萌说课

说课点评：在30分钟的准备时间里，读完、理解一篇800多词的商务英语文章，记住文章的结构和要点，设计出一套有理论指导、教学理念清晰、目标合理、结构完整、方法得当，最好再带点创新的教学方案，然后在10分钟的时间里，用英语条理清晰地把它展示出来，这对任何商务英语教师来讲都是一项重大的挑战。潘紫萌老师首先分析了课文，根据内容将其解构成三大部分。选手将第二部分（第3-8段）归纳成 promotion, price and place 和将第三部分（第9段）归纳成对计划进入中国市场的外国企业的忠告，这都是正确的。但是，她把第一部分（第1-2段）归纳成product，进而把前两部分归纳成营销学中著名的4P战略，这种做法有待商榷。因为课文的第1段主要讲两个问题：1）营销战略如何在中国成功，2）这些战略如何根据中国人的喜好以及对产品或服务的认知进行调整，而不是具体的产品。也许是准备的时间非常紧迫，选手对课文的理解和归纳出现了偏差。然后，潘老师分析了学生的特点。在教学模式上，她采取以学生为中心、以产出为导向的教学模式。其教学目标包括商务英语知识、商务技能和伦理价值。在具体的教学方法上，她例举了基于任务的教学、基于讨论的教学、案例教学、学生参与的测评等，并强调要综合利用线上线下教学资源。在学习测评上，她采用师生共同参与的方式，以增强教学效果。至于具体的教学步骤，她采用BOPPPS模式，再加课后作业。以上教学方案应该说中规中矩，显示出潘老师对商务英语教学的理论、模式、方法和测评等各要素有比较全面的了解。潘老师最亮眼的表现是在10分钟的时间里，用流利的英语将其教学方案展现出来，而且条理清晰，相关的教学理论、教学方法、商务知识、商务案例均了然于胸，信手拈来，同时口到手到，同步将所讲内容写到白板上，手起笔落，一气呵成。在提问阶段，潘老师的表现依旧出色，理解到位，回答中肯，表现出较高的英语基本功和商务、人文素养。不过有的回答可以再精炼一些。比如在回答第一个问题时，把EGP，EOP，EAP，ESP 的定义都讲了一遍，有点啰嗦。总而言之，潘紫萌在说课中表现突出，是一位素质比较全面、经验比较丰富的优秀商务英语教师。点评专家：陈准民

新农科英语系列：新农科学术英语 综合教程 上册 Unit 2 Video

新时代大学日语 第1册 第14课 PPT课件