We are entering the fourth year of the pandemic. What do we know so far about Omicron? Are there settings where people are more at risk? And what does the future look like? Hello and welcome to Science in 5, I’m Vismita Gupta-Smith. We are talking to Dr Maria Van Kerkhove today. Welcome, Maria. Maria, let’s start with what do we know so far about Omicron?

Hi Vismita. Thanks for having me back on Science in 5. Omicron is the latest variant of concern that has been in circulation around the globe for more than a year now. The virus continues to evolve and Omicron continues to evolve. There are more than 500 sublineages of Omicron that are currently in circulation. Most of these are the BA.5 sublineages. And we have a global group of individuals around the world that are helping us to track this virus. What we look at is transmissibility. And all of the Omicron sublineages are more transmissible than the next. This is what these viruses do. They need to infect individuals. But we look also at severity. And what we do know about Omicron in terms of its severity is that there’s a similar level of severity of all of these sublineages. On average, Omicron was less severe than Delta.

But Omicron causes the full spectrum of disease, everything from asymptomatic infection or reinfection, as well as severe disease and death. So it’s really critical that we do all we can to prevent those deaths from occurring.

And we’re also looking at the impact of our interventions, our diagnostics, our therapeutics and our vaccines. And they are holding up very well in terms of our ability to detect this virus around the world. And our vaccines are working incredibly well at preventing severe disease and death. 

But it is absolutely critical that surveillance is maintained around the world so that we can track the known sublineages and be able to detect any new variants of concern that may arise because there still is a risk for further variants of concern to emerge. 

Maria, as governments and individuals seem to be dropping precautionary measures. Tell us about settings where people may be more at risk and what we can do to protect ourselves.

So this is a really critical time right now. As you said, we’ve entered the fourth year of this pandemic and people are tired of talking about COVID and dealing with this. But I think what’s really important to remember is that there’s so much that we can do to reduce the spread, not stop the spread, but reduce it and also save lives right now.

It’s about the fundamentals. There are riskier locations than others ― indoors is riskier than outdoors; crowded settings are riskier than less crowded settings, for example.

But what we need to be able to do is use the tools that exist while we live our lives. Putting on a mask when you’re indoors, when you’re around others is a rational thing to do, and it’s available now because masks are widely available. Making sure that governments invest in ventilation where we live, where we work, where we study. 

This remains fundamental for respiratory diseases and will help improve and reduce transmission around the world.

One of the critical things that you can do as an individual is get vaccinated. When we think about vaccination, we have to also consider that 30% of the world has not yet received a single dose. And in every country, we are missing really key individuals. We have not reached the targets of vaccination of 70% in every country. At the present time, each week, between 8 and 10,000 people are dying from COVID-19, and a lot of these are preventable. 

Maria, paint us a picture of what the future looks like. What does it mean when we say living with COVID-19? 

COVID-19 is here with us to stay. And what we hope is in 2023 that we can end the emergency everywhere. We are in a much better position to do that. Because we know so much more about this virus. Although we don’t know everything and we remain humble to learning about this, we have so many tools that can reduce the spread and can save lives now.

You as an individual have a role to play knowing what your risk is, where you live, and taking measures while you live your life to reduce your exposure to the virus.

Making sure that you get vaccinated and receive those full doses can prevent you from getting severe disease and dying. We have to remember that we’re entering the fourth year of this pandemic, and COVID-19 is one of the many challenges that we face. 

We face other infectious hazards like influenza and RSV and other circulating pathogens. But there are many other crises that we are dealing with, with climate change and floods, droughts, war. And so we have to manage. We have to live with COVID responsibly and manage this disease in the context of everything else. 

We at WHO are working very hard with all member states to integrate COVID into strengthened surveillance systems and to strengthen disease control programs so that they’re not standalone programs, but that they are dealt with within strengthened health systems.

Remember, we’re all fragile, after four years of this, entering our fourth year of this. And it’s important that we be kind to one another. We listen to one another. We help each other through this because we can end this emergency everywhere in 2023.

Thank you, Maria. That was Science in 5 today. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.

1. sublineage n. (formal) a subordinate part of the series of families that sb. comes from originally 世系分支；宗系分支；家系分支

2. track v. to follow the progress or development of sb./sth. 跟踪（进展情况）。例如：The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates. 这个研究项目对400名毕业生的事业发展情况进行跟踪调查。

3. transmissibility n. 可遗传性

4. severity n. 严重性

5. asymptomatic adj. (of a person or illness 人或疾病) having no symptoms 无症状的

6. reinfection n. 再感染

7. therapeutics n. the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases 治疗学

8. vaccine n. a substance that is put into the blood and that protects the body from a disease 疫苗；菌苗。例如：a measles vaccine 麻疹疫苗

9. precautionary adj. 预先警戒的，小心的

10. ventilation n. 空气流通

11. respiratory adj. connected with breathing 呼吸的。例如：the respiratory system 呼吸系统

13. humble adj. showing you do not think that you are as important as other people 谦逊的；虚心的

14. hazard n. a thing that can be dangerous or cause damage 危险；危害

15. influenza n. 流行性感冒

16. circulating adj. 循环（的），流通（的）

17. pathogen n. a thing that causes disease 病原体

18. integrate v. to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with sth. else in this way（使）合并，成为一体

19. surveillance n. when doctors, health departments etc., watch an ill person or watch the development of a disease in a population 监视，监察（病人情况或某一疾病在人群中的发展）

20. standalone adj.（计算机）单独的，独立的

21. fragile adj. not strong and likely to become ill/sick 虚弱的

Q1: Which of the following statements about Omicron is false?

A. It is the latest variant of concern that has been in circulation around the globe for more than a year now. 

B. There are more than 500 sublineages of Omicron that are currently in circulation.

C. Not all of the Omicron sublineages are more transmissible than the next. 

D. On average, it was less severe than Delta.

Q2: Which of the following statements about vaccination is false? 

A. 30% of the world has not yet received a single dose. 

B. We are missing really key individuals in every country. 

C. Currently, each week, between 8 and 10,000 people are dying from COVID-19. 

D. We have reached the targets of vaccination of 70% in every country. 

Q3: What does it mean when we say living with COVID-19? 

A. We have so many tools that can reduce the spread and can save lives now.

B. We have to live with COVID responsibly and manage it in the context of everything else. 

C. We have to remember that COVID-19 is one of the many challenges that we face. 

D. We can end this emergency everywhere in 2023.

KEY 

命题出处：Hi Vismita. Thanks for having me back on Science in 5. Omicron is the latest variant of concern that has been in circulation around the globe for more than a year now. The virus continues to evolve and Omicron continues to evolve. There are more than 500 sublineages of Omicron that are currently in circulation. Most of these are the BA.5 sublineages. And we have a global group of individuals around the world that are helping us to track this virus. What we look at is transmissibility. And all of the Omicron sublineages are more transmissible than the next. This is what these viruses do. They need to infect individuals. But we also look at severity. And what we do know about Omicron in terms of its severity is that there’s a similar level of severity of all of these sublineages. On average, Omicron was less severe than Delta.

命题出处：One of the critical things that you can do as an individual is get vaccinated. When we think about vaccination, we have to also consider that 30% of the world has not yet received a single dose. And in every country, we are missing really key individuals. We have not reached the targets of vaccination of 70% in every country. At the present time, each week, between 8 and 10,000 people are dying from COVID-19, and a lot of these are preventable. 

命题出处：We face other infectious hazards like influenza and RSV and other circulating pathogens. But there are many other crises that we are dealing with, with climate change and floods, droughts, war. And so we have to manage. We have to live with COVID responsibly and manage this disease in the context of everything else.