全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程2

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程1

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

猫薄荷为何让猫“疯狂”？

猫薄荷为何让猫“疯狂”？Why Does Catnip Make Cats Go Crazy?文本难度：考研刘立军供稿Of the many bewildering behaviors cats display, one of the strangest is their obsession with a specific species of plant. After just one whiff, even the most stoic cat can start pawing, drooling, biting, and wriggling in a state of pure feline euphoria. So, why do cats go crazy for catnip? This is the question cat behavior expert Masao Miyazaki and chemist Toshio Nishikawa set out to answer in 2013. Along with their research teams from Iwate and Nagoya University, they began by studying silvervine – a plant that sparks a similar response to catnip.猫咪有着许多令人费解的行为，其中最奇特的莫过于对某一特定植物的痴迷。即便是最冷静自持的猫，哪怕只是闻上一口，也会瞬间陷入抓挠、流口水、啃咬、翻滚的状态，沉浸在纯粹的猫咪欢愉中。那么，猫咪究竟为什么会为猫薄荷神魂颠倒？2013年，猫咪行为学家宫崎正夫与化学家西川俊夫便带着这一问题展开了研究。他们与来自岩手大学与名古屋大学的研究团队携手，先从木天蓼这种植物入手——这是一种同样能在猫身上引发和猫薄荷相似反应的植物。First, the researchers painstakingly extracted chemical compounds from the plant and dribbled various combinations of them onto filter paper. Then they brought in some cats and studied which compounds they were drawn to. Overwhelmingly, their feline testers pounced on the papers containing nepetalactol. And when Miyazaki and his student Reiko Uenoyama ran blood tests on the cats who’d interacted with nepetalactol, they found their systems were flooded with endorphins. These hormones block pain signals, relieve stress, and generally create a happy, calming effect. And catnip triggers the same endorphin rush with a similar chemical called nepetalactone, and it’s this flood of happy hormones that gives catnip and silvervine their signature drug-like response.研究人员先是费尽心力，从木天蓼中提取各类化合物，再把不同配比的提取物滴在滤纸上。随后，他们找来猫咪，观察哪些化学成分会吸引它们。结果显而易见，绝大多数受试猫咪都径直扑向含有荆芥内酯醇（nepetalactol）的滤纸。宫崎正夫和他的学生上野山怜子对接触过荆芥内酯醇的猫咪进行血液检测，发现它们体内会大量分泌内啡肽。这类激素能够阻断痛觉信号、缓解压力，带来愉悦、镇定的感受。而猫薄荷则是借助一种结构相近的物质——荆芥内酯，同样能刺激猫体内大量释放内啡肽。正是这种快乐激素的迸发，让猫薄荷和木天蓼产生了标志性的、类似药物带来的反应。These compounds don’t just trigger this effect in small cats. When the researchers brought nepetalactol-treated filter paper to a few zoos, leopards, lynxes, and jaguars all dove face-first into the compound. This was big news. If these different cat species reacted to nepetalactol the same way, the response was likely a shared evolutionary trait, potentially something important to cat survival that stretched back millions of years. When the silvervine researchers presented their work at a conference, one evolutionary biologist raised a compelling theory. In chemical terms, both nepetalactol and nepetalactone are classified as iridoids – a type of natural compound known to contain insect-repelling properties. So perhaps cats rubbing their faces in silvervine and catnip were applying an ancient form of bug spray.这类化合物并非只对小型猫科动物生效。当研究人员把滴有荆芥内酯醇的滤纸带到几家动物园时，豹子、猞猁和美洲豹全都一头埋上去嗅闻。这是一项重大发现。既然这么多不同种类的猫科动物都对荆芥内酯醇产生相同反应，说明该行为极有可能是共有的进化特征，或许关乎猫科动物生存的重要本能，其根源可追溯至数百万年前。当木天蓼研究团队在学术会议上展示成果时，一位进化生物学家提出了一个极具说服力的假说：从化学分类来看，荆芥内酯醇与荆芥内酯都属于环烯醚萜类化合物，这类天然物质具备驱虫特性。所以，猫咪把脸在木天蓼和猫薄荷上蹭来蹭去的行为，或许正是在涂抹一种古老的驱虫剂。To test this, researchers set up cages of mosquitoes that cats could stick their heads into. And sure enough, the cats that had been treated with nepetalactol got fewer mosquito bites than the cats in the control group. The same effect was true for the scientists who’d volunteered their arms in solidarity with their feline subjects. These mosquito-repelling properties are currently our best explanation for why cats love silvervine and catnip. But researchers still had one more question: in their state of euphoria, cats tend to vigorously bite, lick, and rub against these plants. But do cats really need to go this crazy to get their bug-repelling effects?为验证这一猜想，研究人员搭建了放有蚊子的笼子，猫咪可以把头伸进笼内。结果证实，体表接触过荆芥内酯醇的猫咪，被蚊子叮咬的次数少于对照组。就连主动挽起袖子、甘愿和猫咪一同参与实验的科研人员，手臂上的叮咬次数也同样大幅减少。目前，这种驱蚊特性是我们解释猫咪喜爱木天蓼与猫薄荷最合理的假说。但研究者还有一个疑问：当猫咪在亢奋状态下，往往会使劲啃咬、舔舐并用力蹭擦这类植物。可它们真的需要表现得如此“上头”，才能真正发挥驱虫功效吗？To investigate rubbing, they provided cats with filter papers treated with microscopic amounts of nepetalactol. And sure enough, even these tiny doses made the papers irresistible, suggesting that microscopic amounts of bug repellent can be transferred by rubbing alone. As for biting and licking, the researchers found that when cats damage the plant, the leaves actually produce more mosquito-repellent chemicals. So your cat isn’t just ripping open their bags of catnip to be annoying; their evolutionary instincts are just trying to get even more of that bug protection.为研究摩擦行为，研究人员向猫咪提供了只沾有微量荆芥内酯醇的滤纸。不出所料，即便剂量微乎其微，这些滤纸依旧对猫咪有着极强吸引力。这说明，仅靠蹭一蹭，就能沾上微量的驱虫物质。至于啃咬和舔舐，研究人员发现，当猫咪啃破植物组织时，叶片反而会生成更多驱蚊化学成分。所以，你的猫咪扒开猫薄荷袋子并不是故意捣乱，而是在进化本能驱使下，想要获取更多驱虫保护。Cats are far from the only animal to use natural plants for purposes like this. Apes swallow scratchy and hairy leaves to dislodge parasites from their guts. Sheep munch on tannin-rich plants to kill intestinal worms, and monarch butterflies use toxic milkweed to kill parasites that normally impair their flight. Just like cats’ ability to find mosquito repellent, these behaviors can help humans identify useful plants and ingredients in the natural world. So, the next time you see your feline friend on a catnip binge, don’t worry – it’s only medicinal.并非只有猫咪会利用天然植物达成这类目的。猿类会直接吞下粗糙多毛的叶片，借此刮擦并排出肠道寄生虫；绵羊会食用富含单宁的植物来杀灭肠道蠕虫；帝王蝶则会采食有毒的马利筋，清除会削弱自身飞行能力的体内寄生虫。和猫咪寻找天然驱蚊植物的本能一样，这类动物行为，也能帮助人类发掘自然界里有价值的植物与成分。所以，下次看到你的猫主子沉迷猫薄荷，不必担心——这只是它在“用药”而已。【词汇】1.stoic adj. 坚忍的；沉着的2.whiff n. 一闻；一股气味3.drool v. 流口水4.wriggle v. 扭动；蠕动5.feline adj. 猫科的；猫的6.euphoria n. 欣快；极度愉悦7.catnip n. 猫薄荷8.painstaking adj. 煞费苦心的；极其仔细的9.dribble v. 使滴下；滴落10.pounce v. 猛扑；突然袭击11.endorphin n. 内啡肽12.lynx n. 猞猁13.jaguar n. 美洲豹14.dislodge v. 驱逐；移开15.munch v. 大声咀嚼16.intestinal adj. 肠的17.milkweed n. 马利筋（一种植物）18.binge n. 狂欢；放纵行为 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 月亮隐藏的神奇力量

月亮隐藏的神奇力量The Moon’s Hidden Magic常速 | 六级（中等） | 450词 | 2min58s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to the passage, what natural phenomenon about the Sun and the Moon did Isaac Asimov describe as “the most unlikely coincidence imaginable”?A. The Sun is 400 times larger in size than the Moon.B. The Moon is 400 times closer to Earth than the Sun.C. The Sun and Moon appear the same size from Earth.D. The Sun and Moon have the same distance from Earth.Q2. What does the passage say about the origin of the word “lunacy”?A. It comes from a Greek word meaning night light.B. It is derived from a Latin word meaning moonstruck.C. It was invented by scientists in the 18th century.D. It refers to the calming effect of the Moon.Q3. According to the passage, how do scientists explain the rise in crime rates around a full moon?A. They prefer to attribute it to convenient light levels.B. They believe it is caused by increased fertility rates.C. They attribute it to the Moon’s pull on the human brain.D. They consider it a myth with no supporting evidence.Q4. What can be inferred about the Moon’s influence on human beings from the passage?A. The Moon has no real effect on human behavior or culture.B. The Moon only influences the physical tides, not human activities.C. The Moon affects humans in many ways, though not all are proven.D. The Moon’s influence is entirely a product of modern imagination.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Scientists have now fully understood the Moon’s mysteries.B. The Moon has a single fixed meaning across all human cultures.C. The Moon is mainly responsible for causing human madness.D. The Moon means different things and reflects human experience.Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe Moon’s Hidden MagicIt is our constant companion, influencing many aspects of our culture, thought and being – ever-present in design, art, music, science, technology, religion.But what is the Moon?It depends who you ask. The ancient Mesopotamians would speak of Nanna, the god of the Moon and creator of all things, while a present-day cosmologist might describe the stabilizing influence of our Earth’s tilt. And most of us picture the Moon as being closer than it actually is. Hm, quite a squeeze for a textbook.cosmologist n. 宇宙学家(Q1) Strangely, the Sun is 400 times further away from the Earth than the Moon and is 400 times its size. This means that, viewed from the Earth, they appear to be exactly the same size. Science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov described this natural quirk as “the most unlikely coincidence imaginable”.quirk n. 怪事；巧合These correlations didn’t go unnoticed by early stargazing cultures. Notably, 108 is an auspicious number for Hindus who count 108 marma points or sacred places in the body. (Q4-1) Many believe the Moon affects our bodies. We know its push and pull affects the tides, and we are organic creatures made largely of water who evolved in an ecosystem reliant on this celestial neighbor.auspicious adj. 吉利的；吉祥的marma point 重要穴位（印度传统医学中的概念）celestial adj. 天空的；天体的What about the Moon’s effect on our state of mind? (Q2) The word lunacy is derived from the Latin word “lunaticus”, meaning “moonstruck”. (Q3+Q4-4) Statistics do show a consistent rise in crime rates around a full moon. Scientists prefer to attribute this to convenient light levels for the plying of nefarious activity. And it’s not only our minds in question. The perceived connection between fertility and the cycles of the Moon goes back a long time. Perhaps that’s just because the lunar and menstrual cycles correlate so closely. In the ancient world, the Moon was generally personified as male, with the shift of female deities and ideas happening more recently, relatively speaking.lunacy n. 精神失常；愚蠢的行为ply v. 从事（活动）；忙于做nefarious adj. 罪恶的；不道德的menstrual cycle 月经周期personify v. 拟人化；把……人格化Then there’s the melancholic reflective Moon. Around the turn of the 18th century, as we adjusted to the brave, new world of science and discovery, artists became increasingly focused on our place in the natural world. Paintings from the likes of Caspar David Friedrich and Joseph Wright of Derby turned to the Moon as a central theme, often with small human figures, their backs to the viewer in quiet reflection. Finally, in July 1969, we successfully landed two men on the Moon, and we discovered what she’d been silently gazing upon for all this time.melancholic adj. 忧郁的；抑郁的So what is the Moon? Male, female, a life support system, inducer of madness, a conspiracy, a symbol of peace? What if it’s all these things, embodying all the light and shade of human experience? It seems the Moon is whatever we choose to see: a constant reflection of us.conspiracy n. 阴谋；密谋Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。命题出处为原文第四段：“Strangely, the Sun is 400 times further away from the Earth than the Moon and is 400 times its size. This means that, viewed from the Earth, they appear to be exactly the same size. Science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov described this natural quirk as ‘the most unlikely coincidence imaginable’.” 意为：“奇妙的是，太阳到地球的距离恰好是月球到地球距离的400倍，而太阳的直径也正好约为月球的400倍。这意味着，从地球上看，它们大小完全相同。科幻作家艾萨克·阿西莫夫曾称这一自然巧合是‘可以想象到的最不可思议的巧合’。” 该句明确指出阿西莫夫描述的奇观是从地球上看太阳和月亮大小完全相同，因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。命题出处为原文第七段：“The word lunacy is derived from the Latin word ‘lunaticus’, meaning ‘moonstruck’.” 意为：“lunacy这个词源自拉丁语‘lunaticus’，意思是‘被月亮影响的’。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. A.【解析】细节题。命题出处为原文第七段：“Statistics do show a consistent rise in crime rates around a full moon. Scientists prefer to attribute this to convenient light levels for the plying of nefarious activity.” 意为：“统计数据确实显示，在满月前后犯罪率持续上升。科学家更愿意将此归因于明亮的月光为不法活动提供了便利条件。” 因此正确答案为A。Q4. C.【解析】推理题。命题出处为原文第五段：“Many believe the Moon affects our bodies. We know its push and pull affects the tides, and we are organic creatures made largely of water.” 意为：“许多人相信月亮会影响我们的身体。我们知道月亮的引力能引起潮汐涨落，而作为主要由水构成的有机生命体，人类自然也可能受到这种力量的影响。”第七段中，统计数据显示，在满月前后犯罪率持续上升。由此推断，月亮对人类的影响是多方面的，但并非所有影响都得到科学证实，例如满月与犯罪率的因果关系仍存在争议。因此正确答案为C。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。文章开篇指出月亮是人类永恒的伴侣，影响着文化、思想、存在等多个方面。月亮没有单一固定的含义，不同时代、不同文化、不同领域的人们赋予它不同的意义，它实际上是人类多元经验和认知的投射。因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？

用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety?文本难度：六级刘立军供稿Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety? Some big studies say yes. Many experts have reservations. 运动对抗抑郁、抗焦虑的疗效，能和正规治疗相媲美吗？一些大型研究给出了肯定的答案，但许多专家对此仍持保留意见。For those in the doldrums, few things are more tiresome than being told to exercise. But unwelcome advice is not necessarily wrong. Study after study has found that exercise boosts mood and reduces anxiety. Two large analyses published earlier this year go further, suggesting it works about as well as therapy or antidepressants. 对于那些正处于情绪低谷的人来说，几乎没有比听到别人劝自己“去运动”更让人心烦的了。但不中听的建议未必就是错的。一项又一项的研究发现，运动能够提振情绪，缓解焦虑。今年早些时候发表的两项大型分析进一步表明，运动的治疗效果与心理治疗、抗抑郁药物不相上下。The first, published in January by researchers based across Britain and Ireland, took the form of a Cochrane review — a well-regarded meta-analysis of health-care research. It pooled the results of 69 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to measure the effects of exercise on depression. The second paper, published in February in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, was a so-called meta-meta-analysis. It drew on more than 1,000 trials involving nearly 80,000 participants. Both concluded that exercise reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety by roughly as much as conventional treatments. 第一项研究由英国和爱尔兰的研究人员完成，于今年1月发表，采用了备受推崇的科克伦（Cochrane）系统评价形式——这是医疗领域广受认可的一种荟萃分析。该研究汇总了69项随机对照试验（RCTs）的数据，这些试验专门用来评估运动对抑郁症的作用。第二篇论文于2月发表在《英国运动医学杂志》上，采用了所谓的“二次荟萃分析”。研究参考了1000余项试验，受试者近8万名。两项研究均得出结论：运动在缓解抑郁、焦虑症状方面的效果，与常规治疗方法大致相当。There are important caveats. Meta-analyses are only as good as the studies they include, and exercise trials are prone to being skewed. For one thing, participants cannot be blinded — they know if they are doing kettlebell swings or not — which makes their self-reported mood vulnerable to any favorable expectations they might have. For this and other reasons, the Cochrane review judged all the studies it included to be at “high risk” of bias. 但该结论存在重要的限定条件。荟萃分析的可靠性完全取决于所纳入的原始研究，而运动类试验往往容易出现结果偏倚。首先，参与者无法实施“盲法”——自己是否完成壶铃摇摆这类运动，参与者心知肚明。这就导致参与者主动上报的情绪，很容易受到内心积极预期的影响。出于上述及其他因素，这份科克伦系统评价判定，其纳入的所有研究均存在“高偏倚风险”。What’s more, the meta-meta-analysis did not include any studies that tested exercise against other interventions. The findings from the exercise trials were, instead, compared against those from separate trials of antidepressants or therapy. But unlike exercise studies, RCTs of antidepressants are typically well blinded and have strong placebo effects, making it harder for them to achieve similarly impressive results. “I don’t think it’s a fair comparison,” says Jonathan Roiser, a professor of neuroscience at University College London. 此外，这项“二次荟萃分析”并未纳入任何将运动与其他干预措施进行直接对比的研究。它是把运动试验的结果，与另外独立开展的抗抑郁药、心理治疗试验的数据做比对。但与运动研究不同，抗抑郁药物的随机对照试验通常盲法设计完善，且安慰剂效应显著，这使得药物想要取得同样令人瞩目的疗效数据难度更大。伦敦大学学院的神经科学教授乔纳森·罗伊泽（Jonathan Roiser）表示：“我认为这样对比并不客观。”All the same, most researchers are confident that exercise helps improve mood. Aerobic workouts, such as running, walking or cycling, seem to be particularly beneficial across the board. For depression, group-based or supervised exercise is more effective than sweating alone, and the benefits of exercise accrue over several months. For anxiety, the best results seem to come from lower-intensity activity. 尽管如此，绝大多数研究人员仍认可运动有助于改善情绪。跑步、散步或骑车等有氧运动，总体来看大有裨益。针对抑郁症，团体运动或在专业人员指导下开展的运动，效果优于独自锻炼，且运动带来的益处会数月里不断累积。而对于焦虑症，低强度运动似乎能带来最佳效果。Why exercise works is less clear. The popular idea that exercise generates a “high” by causing the release of endorphins, a form of opioid, has little scientific support. A study published in 2021 found that blocking runners’ opioid receptors reduced neither the euphoria they reported after a session nor the drop in anxiety. Researchers instead think that endocannabinoids — chemicals produced by the body and brain that activate the same receptors as the active molecules in cannabis — might be responsible for these short-term boosts. 至于运动为何有效，具体机制尚不明确。有一种广为流传的说法：运动会促使内啡肽（一种阿片样物质）的释放，从而让人产生愉悦感，但这一说法缺乏足够的科学依据。2021年的一项研究发现，阻断跑步者体内的阿片类受体，既不会降低他们运动后的欣快感，也不会减弱焦虑的缓解程度。研究人员转而认为，内源性大麻素可能是带来这种短期情绪提升的原因；这类物质由人体和大脑合成，能激活与大麻有效成分相同的受体。Other pathways are also being triggered. Exercise seems to reduce inflammation and improve brain plasticity, as well as increasing the transmission of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is involved in the process of weighing effort against reward, and so increasing transmission may help reverse the loss of motivation associated with depression. 运动还会激活其他生理机制：它能够减轻炎症，提升大脑可塑性，并增加大脑内多巴胺的传递。多巴胺参与了“权衡付出与回报”这一心理过程，因此，增加多巴胺的传递有助于改善抑郁症患者典型的动力缺失问题。There are purely psychological benefits, too: exercise can provide people with a sense of achievement, agency and eventually mastery, all of which are known to lift mood. Plenty of reasons, then, to work up a sweat. 此外，运动还能带来纯粹的心理益处：它能给人带来成就感、自主感，最终获得一种掌控感，而这些都能够提振情绪。如此看来，我们完全有理由动起来，好好出一身汗。 【词汇】 1. in the doldrums 情绪低落2. meta-analysis n. 荟萃分析（一种循证医学研究方法，把多个独立的同类研究的数据汇总、合并分析，得到一个综合性结论，研究说服力高于单一试验）3. caveat n. 警告；提醒4. skew v. 使……有偏差；影响……的准确性5. placebo n. 安慰剂6. neuroscience n. 神经科学7. aerobic adj. 有氧的8. accrue v. 积累；增加9. endorphin n. 内啡肽10. opioid n. 阿片样物质（既可来源于外界毒品，也包含人体自身合成的内啡肽，能够起到镇痛、产生欣快感的作用）11. receptor n. 受体；感受器12. euphoria n. 欣快感；极度愉快13. cannabis n. 大麻14. inflammation n. 炎症15. dopamine n. 多巴胺（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 烟草陷阱

The tobacco trap烟草陷阱常速 | 五级（偏难）| 885词 | 5min23s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To highlight the tactics of the tobacco industry. B. To discuss the benefits of quitting tobacco use. C. To explain the history of tobacco advertising. D. To promote the use of e-cigarettes as alternatives. Q2. How many people do the tobacco industry’s products kill globally every year according to Simone St. Claire? A. Around six million people. B. Around eight million people. C. Around ten million people. D. Around four million people. Q3. What can be inferred about the tobacco industry’s use of flavours? A. Flavours are added to make tobacco safer. B. Flavours are designed to make tobacco less appealing. C. Flavours are intentionally used to attract young users. D. Flavours are chosen randomly without specific design. Q4. What does the word “sophistication” most likely mean in the context of slim cigarettes? A. Complexity. B. Elegance. C. Danger. D. Simplicity. Q5. Which of the following is NOT a tactic used by the tobacco industry as mentioned in the text? A. Using social media influencers. B. Placing products near candy in stores. C. Designing products to look like gadgets. D. Reducing the harmful effects of tobacco. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe tobacco trapVGS: There is an industry that spends over a million dollars an hour on advertising. And they’re constantly looking for younger and newer consumers. Do you know why? Because they know that their product kills up to half of its users. (Q1) We are talking about the tobacco industry today and our expert is Simone St. Claire. Welcome, Simone. So we know that there are no safe tobacco products, right, whether it’s shisha, chewing tobacco, rolled cigarettes. So how is it that the tobacco industry is succeeding in selling us death and destruction continuously?SSC: Great question. (Q2) The tobacco industry is well aware that their products kill around eight million people globally every year. To sustain their business, they must continuously recruit new users to replace those who die from using their products. And because their products are so harmful, they must do everything they can to make them attractive, especially to young people. One of their biggest tactics is flavours. If you think about it, tobacco on its own is harsh and unappealing. But when you add mint, mango, bubblegum or vanilla, they seem less dangerous. (Q3) Flavours are meant to hook you and then keep you addicted. This is not by accident, this is by design. Research shows that flavours are one of the main reasons that children and young people start using nicotine and tobacco products and once they start, they become addicted quickly.mint n. 薄荷 vanilla n. 香草 VGS: So just like flavours, there is research that shows packaging can attract consumers to products, right? How does the tobacco and nicotine industry use packaging to attract younger and younger people and women, especially?SSC: Tobacco companies use minimalist designs and bright colours to make their products look premium or even clean. But as you mentioned, there is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Let’s take slim cigarettes, for example. (Q4) These are cigarettes that are designed with narrower dimensions and traditionally marketed to women. They’re often associated with sophistication and elegance and are wrongly perceived to be less dangerous. But in reality, they pose comparable risks to regular cigarettes. Then if we look at the more recent nicotine products, sleek, colourful and high-tech. To be clear, when we’re talking about nicotine products, the most common is e-cigarettes, also known as vapes. (Q5-3) E-cigarettes are designed to look like USB sticks, lipsticks and stylish gadgets, which are easy to disguise and conceal from parents and teachers, which is particularly concerning when it comes to children and young people.premium adj. 高端的，优质的 sophistication n. 精致sleek adj. 光滑的，时尚的 VGS: So we know that most people who consume tobacco products know that it is harming their body but let’s go over it again. How exactly does tobacco impact our body?SSC: Tobacco use harms nearly every organ of the body. It causes heart disease, respiratory conditions, and over 20 types of cancer, including lung cancer. Tobacco is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and premature death. But the good news is that the benefits of quitting can be felt almost immediately. Within 20 minutes, blood pressure and heart rate drop. Within two to 12 weeks, lung function and circulation improves. Within a year, the risk of heart disease is cut in half and over time, the risk of tobacco-related diseases decreases dramatically.respiratory adj. 呼吸的 VGS: Another interesting fact here is the plain packaging or graphic warnings that you often see on cigarette boxes, that’s actually a result of the work that WHO and partners have done to bring in those policies to inform consumers about the dangers of tobacco. So let’s talk about another tactic and that’s advertising. You see tobacco advertising in music concerts, in sports events. Talk to us about that.SSC: Exactly, the marketing budget of big tobacco is larger than the GDP of some countries. They spend tens of billions of dollars every year to hide the truth that tobacco kills. (Q5-1) They use social media influencers, music festivals and giveaways to promote their harmful and addictive products. They use cartoon-like branding and sleek advertising to attract young users and (Q5-2) you’ll notice in some stores, they place nicotine and tobacco products near candy, which leads children to believe that they are innocent or even exciting.VGS: Simone, how can public health agencies, like WHO, stand up to the tobacco industry, which seems to have massive resources, right?SSC: Science, evidence and awareness is key. The more people know about these tricks, the less effective they become. We need to ensure that people are aware of just how harmful tobacco products are and how they destroy families and lives. WHO and countries are working together to put in place public health policies, things like smoke-free public places, bans on advertising, making products less affordable by introducing taxes and putting graphic images and health warnings on product packaging. And latest data shows that more than five billion people around the world are protected by at least one of these measures. This is a result of strong and decisive regulatory action. As a consumer, don’t be fooled. If nicotine or tobacco products look fun, tasty or trendy, they’re designed that way to hook you. So spread the word and support policies that protect public health.decisive adj. 决定性的，果断的 VGS: Thank you, Simone. That was Science in 5 today. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1. A.【解析】主旨题。根据“Today we are talking about the tobacco industry...”以及文章中多次提到烟草行业的策略和手段，可知此文主要讨论了烟草行业如何通过各种方式吸引用户并维持其业务。因此正确答案为A。 Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“The tobacco industry is well aware that their products kill around eight million people globally every year.”，可知全球每年约 800 万人因烟草制品死亡。因此正确答案为B。 Q3. C.【解析】推理题。根据“Flavours are meant to hook you and then keep you addicted. This is not by accident, this is by design.”，可知添加口味是有意设计的，目的是使人让人上瘾并保持依赖。由此可以推断，烟草行业故意使用口味来吸引年轻用户，因此正确答案为C。 Q4. B.【解析】词汇题。根据“These are cigarettes that are designed with narrower dimensions and traditionally marketed to women. They’re often associated with sophistication and elegance and are wrongly perceived to be less dangerous.”，可知这些香烟设计得更细，传统上销售给女性。它们通常与优雅联系在一起，在这一语境中，sophistication与优雅相关，指指精致、高雅。因此正确答案为B。 Q5. D.【解析】细节题。根据“They use social media influencers, music festivals and giveaways to promote their harmful and addictive products.” 和“You’ll notice in some stores, they place nicotine and tobacco products near candy, which leads children to believe that they are innocent or even exciting.” 以及“E-cigarettes are designed to look like USB sticks, lipsticks and stylish gadgets, which are easy to disguise and conceal from parents and teachers.” 这些句子分别说明了A、B和C选项的内容，而文中未提到烟草行业通过减少烟草的有害影响作为策略，因此正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 献血为何重要

The gift of blood, why it matters 献血为何重要常速 | 四级（中等）| 661词 | 4min45s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to Dr. Yuyun Maryuningsih, why can one blood donation save multiple lives? A. Blood components are separated and used for different patients. B. Plasma can be stored for up to one year for emergencies. C. Blood donors are required to donate multiple times a year. D. Blood banks prioritize patients with severe conditions. Q2. What is the main reason why regular blood donation is critical, as explained in the text? A. Blood components have different expiration dates. B. Blood banks often face shortages during emergencies. C. Plasma storage requires advanced technology. D. Patients with chronic diseases rely on fresh blood supplies. Q3. What is one of the key advantages of voluntary unpaid blood donations mentioned in the text? A. They ensure higher blood quality through testing. B. They prevent exploitation of vulnerable individuals. C. They increase the frequency of donations. D. They reduce the cost of blood collection systems. Q4. What can be inferred about the challenges of maintaining safe blood donation systems? A. They require frequent updates to testing standards. B. They rely heavily on community-based traditions. C. They depend on the honesty and health of donors. D. They face difficulties in ensuring proper storage and distribution. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss the benefits of regular blood donation. B. To explain how blood donation systems operate worldwide. C. To emphasize the importance of safe and voluntary blood donation. D. To highlight the medical uses of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe gift of blood, why it mattersVGS: We’re talking about something powerful, invisible and life-saving. Your blood. It’s a gift only you can give. Our expert is Dr Yuyun Maryuningsih and we’re talking about blood donation. Welcome, Yuyun. As a student, I used to donate blood quite regularly and also throughout my work life. What about you?YM: Of course, I have, and I always tell people that donating blood is easy, safe and makes a real difference.VGS: But there’s something new I learned, that when you donate blood, you could be saving up to three lives, right?YM: Yes, exactly. You are right, because (Q1) when you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient. For example, we can give the red blood cells for an anaemia patient. And then we can give the platelets to a bleeding patient and plasma for the infectious patients. All at once.platelet n. 血小板 plasma n. 血浆 anaemia n. 贫血 VGS: Wow. And there is an expiry date for the donated blood. Talk to us about that.expiry n. 到期YM: Yes, for example, (Q2) the platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank, especially during emergency and outbreak situations.VGS: But it’s not just about emergencies, right?YM: Absolutely. So for cancer treatment and surgeries, and also for treatment of severe anaemia, and mothers who have complications during childbirth, none of these are possible without safe blood.VGS: So now, let’s talk about how to donate blood. It’s important that it’s voluntary, right?YM: (Q3) Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood. And the voluntary blood donation systems, in general, are more reliable over the long term.VGS: So, Yuyun, when I was in university, I had a classmate who had haemophilia, and he needed regular blood donation. I think he needed blood plasma. And I’m talking about a few decades back when maybe the blood systems weren’t that safe. Unfortunately, he contracted HIV with infected blood. So talk to us about national blood donation systems. What does it take to keep it safe?haemophilia n. 血友病 YM: So the key is that the country needs to have a strong national blood system. (Q4) That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.VGS: Yuyun I remember, I was in Sri Lanka many years ago and they have a beautiful tradition of donating blood on full moon nights. And this donation happens in communities, universities, temples, isn’t that amazing?YM: Yes, that is a wonderful tradition. And for those wondering actually, you can donate blood more than once. So for example, if you want to donate red blood cell you can donate every 8-12 weeks. And if you want to donate platelets or plasma, you can donate every 2-4 weeks.VGS: Let’s talk about who can donate blood.YM: Almost all can donate blood, from 18 to 65 years old and healthy, minimum 50 kilograms of body weight. And before donating blood, you will get a quick health check. So nothing scary.VGS: Okay, and it doesn’t take very long, right? Just ten minutes?YM: Yes, of course, just ten minutes to get blood to be drawn and then, to complete collecting the blood, it takes 35, 30 minutes to 40 minutes, including refreshments.VGS: Okay, that’s like your lunch break. You can go donate blood if you’re eligible during your lunch break. Take a friend with you, get an appointment, and please donate blood. That was science in five today. Thank you, Yuyun. Until next time then. Stay safe, stay healthy, and stick with science.eligible adj. 符合条件的，合格的 Part III. KEYQ1.A.【解析】细节题。根据“When you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient.”，可知献血时，血液会被分离成红细胞、血小板和血浆，每一种都可以提供给不同的患者，因此能拯救多条生命。正确答案为A。Q2. A.【解析】细节题。根据“The platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank.””，可知血小板只能存活五天，红细胞存活六周，而血浆如果冷冻，可以保存一年。三种血液成分保质期各不相同，因此定期献血十分重要。正确答案为A。Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood.”，可知自愿无偿献血更安全，因为这类献血者通常对自己的健康更诚实，并且避免剥削可能因压力而卖血的弱势群体，也就是可以防止剥削弱势群体。正确答案为B。Q4. D.【解析】推理题。根据“That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.”，可知每一部分的血液都应该经过检测，然后进行加工，还要按照标准进行储存和分发。由此可以推断，血液的规范储存与分发是维持安全献血体系的一个重要挑战。正确答案为D。Q5.C.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是强调献血的价值、自愿无偿献血的优势、如何保持血液系统安全以及献血的具体过程，呼吁安全、自愿献血。正确答案为C。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法

Small steps to build long-lasting habits 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法常速 | 五级（偏易）| 376词 | 2min20s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to James Clear, what is the main reason people fail to maintain good habits? A. They lack willpower. B. They do not set SMART goals. C. Their system is flawed. D. Their goals are too ambitious. Q2. What is an example of a SMART goal mentioned in the text? A. Exercising more during the week. B. Walking for 20 minutes every weekday evening. C. Reading a book every month. D. Going to the gym three times a week. Q3. What is the purpose of ‘habit stacking’ as explained in the text? A. To identify ineffective habits. B. To eliminate bad habits completely. C. To prioritize daily routines. D. To attach new habits to existing ones. Q4. What can be inferred about setbacks in building habits? A. They indicate that the system is ineffective. B. They are unavoidable and part of the process. C. They should be avoided at all costs. D. They make it impossible to maintain habits. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss strategies for building and maintaining long-lasting habits. B. To explain why SMART goals are essential for habit formation. C. To highlight the importance of willpower in achieving goals. D. To emphasize the role of spontaneity in daily routines. Part II. TRANSCRIPTSmall steps to build long-lasting habitsIt’s day one of a healthier, smarter, better you. You’re full of zest and good intentions. You woke up at 5am to run before work, you read a book in your lunchbreak, and you listened to an English podcast on your commute. Now, fast forward three months. Life is getting in the way, and you’ve slipped into old habits… snoozing your alarm and eating chocolate for breakfast. Sound familiar?zest n. 热情，兴趣 podcast n. 播客，音频节目 commute n. 通勤，往返于工作地点和住所之间 Don’t be hard on yourself. It’s unrealistic to rely on willpower alone. (Q1) As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” Our habits come from goals, so start by getting really clear. Goals, according to George T Doran, should be SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. It’s not enough to say, “I’ll exercise more” – that’s too vague! (Q2) A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.” Now you have a clear action that you can stick to.vague adj. 模糊的，不明确的 Once you’re clear on your goals, you need to make the associated habits as automatic as possible. (Q3) Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly. For example, if you already make coffee every morning, use that moment to read your book for 20 minutes. That way, your new reading habit is now intertwined with something you’re going to do anyway. Another key strategy is to reward yourself, to transform the habit from a chore into something pleasurable. If it’s hard to get yourself to the gym, promise yourself that after each visit, you’ll allow yourself a treat – a takeaway meal or an episode of your favourite TV show.stack v. 堆叠，堆积 (Q4) Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process. Life is full of spontaneity and uncertainty – one could argue that’s what keeps it interesting! Use setbacks as a pause for reflection and review. What about your system is working? What’s no longer serving you? Then, get back on track.spontaneity n. 自发性，自然性 Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。根据“As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” ”，可知詹姆斯·克利尔认为，人们无法坚持好习惯，问题不在于人本身，而在于自身的体系存在缺陷。因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.””，可知一个SMART目标可以是“我打算在工作日的晚上步行20分钟。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly.”，可知habit stacking是指“习惯叠加”，即将一个新习惯附加到你已经经常做的事情上。因此正确答案为D。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。根据“Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process.”，可知即使我们有最好的意图和很好的系统，压力和社交活动等对日常生活的干扰仍然会让保持习惯感觉像是一场艰难的战斗。在培养习惯的过程中遭遇挫折是过程的一部分。因此正确答案为B。Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是讨论如何通过明确目标、习惯叠加和奖励机制等策略来建立和维持长期的习惯。“Small steps to build long-lasting habits” 的标题以及文章内容都围绕这一主题展开，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛商务英语组二等奖贺静授课

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