全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2（思政智慧版）

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程3

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

双语阅读 | 狗狗如何让青少年不再那么焦虑

双语阅读 | 狗狗如何让青少年不再那么焦虑How dogs make teens feel less anxious文本难度：考研Dogs have been a part of human society for over 20,000 years. Whereas they first served people by supporting hunters, it did not take long before they became part of the home. Companion dogs may not help secure food, but for years, evidence has mounted that they help diminish anxiety and improve sociality.狗与人类相伴已有两万多年。最初，它们协助人类狩猎；但没过多久，便走进了千家万户。虽然作为伴侣的狗狗不再帮我们获取食物，但多年来，越来越多的证据表明，它们能有效缓解焦虑、促进社交。Research led by Kikusui Takefumi at Azabu University in Japan, published recently in iScience, explains what might be going on. It reveals that the microbes found in the guts of dog owners are notably different from those who do not own dogs and that this is, at least partially, responsible for the behavioral differences.日本麻布大学的菊水健史（Takefumi Kikusui）团队近期在《交叉科学》（iScience）期刊发表的一项研究，揭示了其中可能的机制：养狗者的肠道微生物组成明显异于不养狗的人，而这种差异至少在一定程度上解释了两类人行为上的不同。The brain does not exist in isolation. The microbes found elsewhere, particularly in the gut, produce chemical compounds that influence how the brain works. Those microbes are heavily affected by diet, but are also shaped by factors like stress, pollutants, and exercise. Dr Kikusui knew from his own research that having a dog influenced the microbiota of the human gut, too. With this in mind, he wondered if microbe transfer from dogs might be helping confer psychological benefits on owners. Keen to find out, he set up an experiment with 343 participants in Tokyo.大脑并非是孤立运作的。身体其他部位——尤其是肠道——的微生物会产生多种化学物质，从而影响大脑的运作。这些微生物深受饮食影响，同时也受到压力、污染物和运动等因素的影响。菊水博士从前期研究中得知，养狗也会改变人体肠道菌群。由此，他想到：狗狗身上的微生物是否可能通过某种方式转移给人类，并带来心理上的益处？为了验证这一猜想，他在东京开展了一项涉及343名参与者的研究。Dr Kikusui specifically worked with teenagers. His reason for this was that adolescence is a crucial period of brain development, when social interactions often have lasting mental effects; if microbes from dogs were reducing teen anxiety and increasing teen sociality, then this would yield long-term benefits. He and his colleagues therefore psychologically analyzed 96 teens who were dog owners and 247 teens who were not. As expected, dog owners suffered from fewer social problems. More specifically, they showed reduced aggression, diminished delinquent behavior, and less social withdrawal.菊水博士特意选择了青少年作为研究对象，因为青春期是大脑发育的关键阶段，这个时期的社交经历往往会对心理健康产生长远影响。如果来自狗狗身上的微生物真的能减轻青少年的焦虑、增强其社交能力，那么这种益处很可能会持续一生。因此，他和同事对96名养狗的青少年与247名不养狗的青少年进行了心理评估。结果正如预期：养狗的青少年在社交方面遇到的问题更少。更具体地说，他们表现出的攻击性更低，违纪行为更少，社交退缩倾向也更轻微。Dr Kikusui and his colleagues then collected saliva samples from the participants and noted that several variants of Streptococcus and Prevotella 7 bacteria were significantly more abundant in samples from dog owners. They further found that participants in whom these key microbe variants were rare also tended to have more delinquent behaviors. This finding suggested that microbes, added to the human gut by dogs, may be influencing the brains of their owners in healthy ways.随后，菊水博士及其同事采集了参与者的唾液样本，并发现：养狗青少年的样本中，几种链球菌（Streptococcus）和普雷沃氏菌属第7类（Prevotella 7）的变体会多得多。他们进一步观察到，那些体内缺乏这些关键微生物变体的参与者，往往有更多的违纪行为。这一发现表明，狗狗带入人类肠道的微生物，可能正以有益的方式影响着主人的大脑功能。The ideal next step for Dr Kikusui would have been to infuse dog microbes into the bodies of non-dog-owning teens. Since that is an ethically grey area, he worked instead with mice. He cultured microbe samples from both groups of teens in the lab and fed them to 24 mice. After six weeks, he monitored them as they were put through a series of murine sociality tests, which included examinations of how long they spent sniffing unfamiliar mice and how close they would get to a distressed mouse that had previously been their cage-mate.理想情况下，菊水博士下一步本想将狗狗相关的微生物直接移植到不养狗的青少年体内，以验证其效果。但鉴于这种做法涉及伦理争议，他转而采用小鼠进行实验。研究团队在实验室中培养了两组青少年的微生物样本，并将其喂给24只小鼠。六周后，研究人员对这些小鼠进行了一系列社交行为测试，包括观察它们花多长时间嗅探陌生小鼠，以及当曾经同笼的伙伴处于痛苦状态时，它们会主动靠近到什么程度。Remarkably, mice carrying the microbes of teen dog owners spent up to 14 seconds sniffing unfamiliar mice, whereas mice carrying the microbes of teens without dogs spent a paltry six seconds doing so. A similar result played out with the distressed mouse test—mice with the microbes of teen dog owners often spent more than 21 seconds checking on the distressed mouse, while the other mice never spent more than three seconds doing so. Dr Kikusui admits that making direct comparisons between murine and human behavior is not ideal, but his findings nonetheless indicate that the microbiotic changes brought about by dog ownership influence the brain. If the conclusions hold, it seems that the path to a healthier mind may begin not with introspection, but with a nuzzle and a few licks.令人惊讶的是，携带养狗青少年的微生物的小鼠，会花多达14秒的时间去嗅探陌生小鼠；而携带不养狗青少年的微生物的小鼠，这一时间仅有6秒。在有关“靠近痛苦鼠友”的测试中，也出现了类似结果：前者常常花超过21秒的时间去查看处于痛苦状态的鼠友，而后者从未超过3秒。菊水博士坦言，将小鼠行为直接与人类行为类比并不算理想，但研究结果依然清晰表明：养狗所引发的肠道菌群变化，确实会影响大脑功能。如果这些结论经得起进一步验证，那似乎可以说，通往更健康的精神状态的路，或许并非始于内省，而是始于狗狗的一次依偎和几次舔舐。【词汇】1. microbe n. 微生物2. microbiota n. 微生物群3. aggression n. 攻击性4. delinquent adj. 违法的；不良行为的5. saliva n. 唾液6. infuse v. 注入；灌输7. ethically adj. 伦理地；道德地8. culture v. 培养（细胞或细菌）9. paltry adj. 微不足道的；很少的10. murine adj. 鼠类的；鼠的11. introspection n. 内省；反省12. nuzzle n. 用鼻子轻触；依偎（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 褪黑素安全吗？专家解释潜在风险和益处

褪黑素安全吗？专家解释潜在风险和益处Is Melatonin Safe? Experts Explain the Potential Risks - And the Benefits文本难度：四级刘立军供稿As many as 70 million people in the U.S. have problems with sleep, and many are increasingly turning to melatonin supplements to help them fall asleep. People generally perceive these over-the-counter gummies, liquids and tablets as harmless. But recent research has raised new questions about whether the popular sleep aid is as benign as people assume, especially the longer it’s used. 美国有多达7000万人存在睡眠问题，其中越来越多人开始依赖褪黑素补充剂来助眠。人们普遍认为这类非处方的软糖、口服液和片剂无害，但近期研究却引发了新的担忧：这种广受欢迎的助眠产品是否真如人们所想的那样安全——尤其是在长期使用的情况下？ 1. How does melatonin work in the body? 褪黑素在体内如何产生效果？ Melatonin is a hormone that humans naturally produce, as do all other mammals, including bears. It regulates the body’s circadian rhythm, the 24-hour biological “clock” that influences when we are sleepy or awake and alert. The body’s melatonin levels fluctuate in response to light – the brain’s control center for sleep suppresses levels during the day and boosts levels at night. As the hormone circulates in the bloodstream, it tones down the signals that keep us awake, but it doesn’t cause sleep, says Jennifer Martin, a psychologist at Florida International University. Instead of acting like a sedative, melatonin sends the body biological signals that it’s nighttime. 褪黑素是一种人体自然分泌的激素，其他哺乳动物（包括熊）也会产生。它负责调节人体的昼夜节律——即影响我们何时困倦、何时清醒或保持警觉的24小时生物“钟”。体内褪黑素水平会随光线变化而波动：大脑中控制睡眠的中枢在白天会抑制其分泌，夜间则提升其水平。佛罗里达国际大学的心理学家詹妮弗·马丁（Jennifer Martin）表示，当褪黑素在血液中循环时，它会减弱那些让我们保持清醒的信号，但并不会直接催人入睡。与安眠药不同，褪黑素向身体传递的是“天黑了”的生物信号。 2. What are melatonin’s short-term side effects?褪黑素有哪些短期副作用？ Melatonin supplements are generally considered safe, but some people do report headaches, dizziness, or nausea after exposure. Taking too much at one time can disrupt sleep rather than improve it. Too much of the drug may also trigger something akin to a melatonin hangover the next day: lingering amounts in the blood can cause grogginess and tiredness. 褪黑素补充剂通常被认为是安全的，但有些人服用后会出现头痛、头晕或恶心等症状。一次性摄入过量不仅无助于改善睡眠，反而可能扰乱睡眠。剂量过高还可能引发次日类似“褪黑素宿醉”的反应：血液中残留的褪黑素会让人昏沉乏力、精神不振。 Supplements are sold with doses that are “much, much higher than anybody is naturally producing,” says Jamie Zeitzer, a sleep specialist at Stanford University. The hormone is commonly sold in five-milligram concentrations, though some “extra strength” products say they contain up to 40 milligrams. 斯坦福大学的睡眠专家杰米·蔡策（Jamie Zeitzer）表示，市面上销售的褪黑素补充剂剂量“远远高于人体自然产生的水平”。这类产品通常以5毫克的剂量销售，而某些“加强型”产品甚至标称含量高达40毫克。 “More isn’t better,” Martin says. “For a lot of people, a small dose is the most beneficial.”“剂量并非越多越好，”马丁表示，“对很多人来说，小剂量反而效果最佳。” Getting the right amount can be tricky. While the melatonin used in supplements is chemically identical to that produced in the body, the actual amount of the hormone in these products may not match what’s on their label. Some over-the-counter products contained anywhere from 80 percent less to about 470 percent more melatonin than advertised, a 2017 study found. Melatonin is sold as a supplement, which means such products reach the market without the Food and Drug Administration first evaluating their safety or production standards. Shalini Paruthi, a sleep medicine physician at John J. Cochran Veterans Hospital in St. Louis and spokesperson for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, says to look for U.S. Pharmacopeia-certified products, which are tested for the quantity of their listed ingredients. 要摄入合适的剂量并不容易。尽管补充剂中的褪黑素在化学结构上与人体自身产生的完全相同，但产品中实际含有的激素量可能与标签所标注的不符。2017年的一项研究发现，某些非处方产品的褪黑素含量比标示值少80%或多出约470%。由于褪黑素是以膳食补充剂的形式销售，这类产品无需经过美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）对其安全性或生产标准的预先审查即可上市。圣路易斯市约翰·J·科克伦退伍军人医院的睡眠医学医生、美国睡眠医学会发言人莎莉妮·帕鲁西（Shalini Paruthi）建议选择经美国药典（U.S. Pharmacopeia）认证的产品——这类产品会经过检测，确保其所含成分的计量与标签一致。 3. How does long-term melatonin use affect health?长期使用褪黑素对健康有何影响？ At a conference in early November, researchers at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University and their colleagues presented an analysis of U.K. medical records that raised concerns about long-term melatonin use. Almost 5 percent of 65,414 adults with insomnia who took melatonin for at least a year experienced heart failure (whereas almost 3 percent of those who did not take the sleep aid did so). People who took melatonin for at least a year were also more than three times as likely to be hospitalized for heart failure and nearly twice as likely to die from any cause compared with those who had no medical record of taking melatonin. 今年11月初的一场会议上，纽约州立大学下州健康科学大学（SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University）的研究人员及其同事公布了一项基于英国医疗记录的分析，引发了对长期使用褪黑素的担忧。在65414名患有失眠症的成年人中，约有5%服用褪黑素至少一年的人出现心力衰竭（而对于未服用褪黑素者，这一比例约为3%）。此外，与没有褪黑素用药记录的人群相比，服用褪黑素至少一年的人因心力衰竭住院的风险高出三倍以上，全因死亡风险也接近翻倍。 But some experts believe the findings, which have not yet been published or peer-reviewed, might say more about the consequences of poor sleep rather than melatonin use. “I don’t see a very good reason for melatonin to be directly involved in [heart failure],” Zeitzer says. Bad sleep is more likely to put extra pressure on the cardiovascular system, he says. Chronic insomnia is already known to be related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction and issues with memory, learning and mental health. A more likely explanation for the new study’s trends is that people with poor sleep are relying on melatonin, which might not be helping them, Martin says. 但一些专家认为，这项尚未发表、也未经同行评审的研究结果，或许更多反映的是睡眠不足本身的危害，而非褪黑素直接所致。他指出，“我实在看不出褪黑素直接导致[心力衰竭]的合理机制，”蔡策表示。更可能的情况是，糟糕的睡眠给心血管系统带来了额外负担。事实上，慢性失眠已被证实与多种健康风险升高相关，包括心血管疾病、代谢紊乱，以及记忆力、学习能力和心理健康问题。马丁认为，新研究所观察到的趋势，更可能是由于睡眠不佳的人群在依赖褪黑素，而褪黑素可能并未真正改善他们的睡眠。 Other long-term studies haven’t found evidence that melatonin harms the heart. But there isn’t much substantial, long-term safety data for melatonin. 其他一些长期研究尚未发现褪黑素损害心脏的证据，但目前关于褪黑素长期使用的安全性，仍缺乏充分、可靠的数据。 4. How effective is melatonin as a sleep aid?褪黑素作为助眠剂的效果如何？ The hype around melatonin is a bit misleading. In placebo-controlled trials, people who take melatonin fell asleep just seven minutes faster on average and slept about eight minutes longer than those who took a placebo. But improvements are larger when participants knew they were getting melatonin. The placebo effect might explain this finding, Martin says. “When you believe something will work, you tend to be a little more relaxed and fall asleep more quickly,” she adds. 围绕褪黑素的宣传具有一些误导性。在安慰剂对照试验中，服用褪黑素的人平均仅比服用安慰剂的人早7分钟入睡，总睡眠时间也只延长了约8分钟。然而，当受试者知道自己服用了褪黑素时，改善效果更为明显。马丁指出，这一现象可能源于安慰剂效应：“当你相信某种东西有效时，往往会更放松，从而更快入睡。” Timing seems to matter, too. In one analysis, taking melatonin about three hours before bedtime and in four-milligram doses led to the greatest improvements. Clinicians typically recommend two-milligram supplements, however. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends melatonin for some sleep issues related to time adjustments such as jet lag and shift work but not for insomnia. 服用时机似乎也很关键。一项分析显示，在睡前约三小时服用4毫克褪黑素，对睡眠的改善效果最佳。不过，临床医生通常推荐使用2毫克剂量的褪黑素。美国睡眠医学会推荐将褪黑素用于改善某些与时间调整相关的睡眠问题（如时差反应或轮班工作所引起的睡眠障碍），但不推荐将其用于治疗失眠症。 If melatonin works for you, keep using it, Zeitzer says. Evidence isn’t strong enough yet to show long-term use improves or worsens health, Martin says. She suggests people should work with a specialist if their sleep problems persist. “There are effective treatments for sleep disorders,” she says. “People don’t have to suffer.” 蔡策表示：“如果你觉得褪黑素对你有效，那就继续使用。”马丁则指出，目前尚无足够证据表明长期使用褪黑素会改善或损害健康。但她建议，如果睡眠问题持续存在，应寻求专科医生的帮助。“睡眠障碍是存在有效的治疗方法的，”她说，“人们不必默默忍受。”【词汇】 1. melatonin n. 褪黑素（一种调节睡眠的激素）2. benign adj. 良性的3. hormone n. 激素4. circadian adj. 昼夜节律的；生理节奏的5. suppress v. 抑制6. akin adj. 类似的；同类的7. hangover n. 宿醉；（引申义）残留不适感8. lingering adj. 拖延的，缓慢消失的9. grogginess n. 昏沉；迷糊状态10. milligram n. 毫克11. over-the-counter product 非处方药12. insomnia n. 失眠13. cardiovascular adj. 心血管的14. chronic adj. 慢性的15. dysfunction n. 功能障碍16. hype n. 大肆宣传；炒作17. placebo n. 安慰剂 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 最好的管教，从来不是嘶吼

最好的管教，从来不是嘶吼Yelling at Your Child Won’t Work—but Something Else Does常速 | 五级（偏难） | 632词 | 4min9s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does the data from applied behavior analysis (ABA) indicate about the effect of verbal redirections?A. They effectively stop children’s problem behaviors.B. They often make the children’s behaviors worse.C. They work better when combined with rewards.D. They are the most common parenting strategy.Q2. According to the passage, why do parents keep using aversive strategies like yelling?A. They are proven to be scientifically effective.B. They help the child learn self-control faster.C. Parents feel better, and they sometimes work.D. Most parenting experts recommend them.Q3. What happens when parents intend punishment as aversiveness?A. The child’s problem behavior improves at once.B. Both parents and children may find it rewarding.C. The child becomes more afraid of the parent.D. Parents usually stop using punishment entirely.Q4. What can be inferred about the “replacement behavior” strategy mentioned in the passage?A. It rewards good behaviors to reduce bad ones.B. It punishes problem behaviors more strictly.C. It only works for neurodivergent children.D. It asks parents to ignore problem behaviors.Q5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Yelling is the most effective way to correct children.B. Parents should never use any form of punishment.C. ABA data proves isolation is the best response.D. Aversive strategies backfire; rewarding works better.Part II. TRANSCRIPTYelling at Your Child Won’t Work—but Something Else DoesIn the world of applied behavior analysis (ABA), what matters most is the data. (Q1) Many parents use verbal redirections — often born of anger — to stop their children’s behaviors, even though the data indicate the behaviors don’t actually stop. In fact, they often get worse. In this post, we will explore why yelling at a child seldom works in the long run and how to win the battle of wills with your child.verbal adj. 口头的；言语的redirection n. 转向，此处指教导What Is Punishment?Many modern parenting movements cast punishment in a negative light. However, punishment in ABA is simply the application of an outcome that decreases the chances of a behavior recurring. It is not the harsh (often called aversive) response to a child. But, many folks confuse aversives—yelling, spanking, social isolation—with punishment.recur v. 再发生；反复出现aversive adj. 厌恶的 n. 任何令人不快或痛苦的刺激物spanking n. 打屁股（尤指打小孩）Another form of punishment is often called positive punishment. Positive punishment usually works, while aversives typically are not nearly as effective. So why do people keep using aversive strategies?(Q2) The answer is often that the parent feels better when they yell or place their child alone in a room. Sometimes, using an aversive might even work. If it works just enough—and randomly enough—the decrease or elimination of the child’s problem behavior is rewarding to the parent. That random pattern of success builds a surprisingly durable habit of reaching for aversives. Unfortunately, what works best will never be tried if aversives are the main strategy. But what if there’s a better approach?When Do Punishments Become Rewards?(Q3) When we use punishment to mean aversiveness, what parents intend as punishment often turns into a reward—for everyone involved. Parents feel less anger or stress after yelling at a child, and that reduction in negative emotion is rewarding for them. When children receive attention, even attention that carries angry words, the attention itself can be rewarding. These two dynamics define the major ways “punishments” become rewards.What to Do: 3 Steps to Change a Child’s Behavior1. Define Punishment and Problem BehaviorsKeep in mind that punishment reduces—or eliminates—a problem behavior. By holding onto that as your goal, you can refocus when things get hard. Ask yourself: “What specifically do I want my child to stop doing?”2. Find the Replacement Behavior(Q4) One underused strategy is simply adding something good to a behavior you want to see more of—a replacement behavior. When parents deliberately reward an alternative behavior, the problem behavior gets crowded out. Adding a reward to compete with the problem behavior is more effective, and frankly more pleasant for everyone, than adding a consequence to the problem behavior itself.A problem behavior keeps happening because of what it produces. Attention is often the payoff. If we know the reward is attention, the next question is: What do we want the child to do instead? Once we identify an alternative, we can reward that replacement behavior consistently and drive down the problem behavior simultaneously.simultaneously adv. 同时地3. Change How You ReactThis is the hardest step—and the most important. Parents will need to:Decide what the replacement behavior looks like;Teach it by setting an example;Prompt it in situations that used to trigger yelling;Praise it heavily and pay real attention when the child uses it;Notice it even when unprompted, so the reinforcement stays consistent;Soon, the replacement behavior will take over, and the old triggers will lose their pull.What to Do if You Need HelpParents of neurodivergent children, in particular, often find themselves responding to aggressive or self-injurious behaviors with anxious or angry attention—largely because those behaviors are overwhelming. That’s not failure; that’s human. But outside help can make the difference. Finding a provider with genuine ABA expertise can turn things around faster than going it alone.neurodivergent adj. 神经多样的（大脑处理信息方式异于常人的）Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Many parents use verbal redirections — often born of anger — to stop their children’s behaviors, even though the data indicate the behaviors don’t actually stop. In fact, they often get worse.”。 意为：“很多家长一着急就冲孩子吼，想用言语制止他们的行为，可数据显示，这么做根本没用——孩子的行为非但没停，反而常常愈演愈烈。”该句明确指出数据表明口头教导往往使孩子的行为变得更糟，因此正确答案为B。Q2. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“The answer is often that the parent feels better when they yell or place their child alone in a room. Sometimes, using an aversive might even work.”。 意为：“答案其实是：很多时候，父母吼完或者把孩子单独关在房间里，自己心里会觉得好受些。有时候，这种惩罚手段甚至还真能见效。”因此正确答案为C。Q3. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“When we use punishment to mean aversiveness, what parents intend as punishment often turns into a reward—for everyone involved. Parents feel less anger or stress after yelling at a child, and that reduction in negative emotion is rewarding for them. When children receive attention, even attention that carries angry words, the attention itself can be rewarding.” 意为：“当我们把‘惩罚’理解为施加令人不快的刺激时，父母本意是想惩罚孩子，结果却常常变成了对所有人的‘奖励’。父母冲孩子吼完之后，怒气或压力减轻了——这种负面情绪的缓解对他们来说就是一种奖励；而对孩子来说，哪怕得到的是带着怒意的关注，关注本身就足以成为一种奖励。”该句明确指出父母所以为的惩罚实际上对家长和孩子都可能变成一种奖励，因此正确答案为B。Q4. A.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“One underused strategy is simply adding something good to a behavior you want to see more of—a replacement behavior. When parents deliberately reward an alternative behavior, the problem behavior gets crowded out.”。 意为：“有一个常被忽视的策略，其实很简单：在你希望孩子多做的行为上，主动‘加点甜头’——也就是用一个替代行为来取代问题行为。当父母有意识地去奖励这个替代行为时，原来的问题行为自然就被‘挤掉’了。”因此，正确答案为A。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。综合全文，文章的核心观点是喊叫等厌恶型策略往往适得其反，而奖励替代行为等积极方法更为有效，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 何为智者？

何为智者？What makes a person wise?常速 | 五级（易）| 350词 | 2min18s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to the text, what do all cultures not agree on regarding wisdom? A. Its importance in society. B. Its definition and components. C. Its connection to intelligence. D. Its role in spiritual practices. Q2. What are the two characteristics associated with wisdom according to the study? A. Emotional stability and logical reasoning. B. Intelligence and cultural adaptability. C. Compassionate love and spiritual understanding. D. Socio-emotional awareness and reflective orientation. Q3. What can be inferred about the role of emotions in being perceived as wise? A. Emotions should always be suppressed to appear wise. B. Emotions are irrelevant to the perception of wisdom. C. Emotions need to be balanced with logical thinking. D. Emotions are more important than reflective orientation. Q4. What does the apple pie analogy in ‘The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom’ illustrate? A. Different cultures have their own unique wisdom traditions. B. Wisdom is like an apple pie that everyone enjoys equally. C. Wisdom is universally agreed upon across cultures. D. Wisdom is best understood through spiritual practices. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To explore the universal definition of wisdom. B. To discuss how wisdom is perceived across cultures. C. To highlight the importance of emotional intelligence. D. To explain the relationship between wisdom and intelligence. Part II. TRANSCRIPTWhat makes a person wise?Think of the wisest person you know. What is it that makes them wise? What qualities do they have? Does wisdom mean the same for you as it does for me? (Q1) All cultures value wisdom, but not all cultures agree on its definition. For some, the focus is on intelligence, while others emphasise compassionate love for others. In some cultures, a spiritual component is required to be considered wise. Are there any aspects of wisdom that all cultures can agree on?compassionate adj. 富有同情心的 A group of 34 researchers from all over the world and from fields like psychology, philosophy and anthropology got together to explore ‘Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents’. The study found two characteristics that everyone — from urban university students in Peru to villagers in rural India — associated with wisdom.anthropology n. 人类学 perception n. 感知，认识 (Q2-1) The first quality a wise person must have is ‘socio-emotional awareness’. This is about the ability to understand others’ point of view and really care about their thoughts and feelings.(Q2-2) However, this person must also have the second quality: ‘reflective orientation’, which is about using logic and past experience to make judgments. (Q3) If you are mindlessly driven by emotions and don’t think before you act, then you are unlikely to be perceived as wise. So, if you want to be wise, learn to both keep your cool and put yourself in others’ shoes.But, while this study helps us build a more unified definition of wisdom, the world is vast and cultures vary hugely. In ‘The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom’, the authors make an apple pie analogy, comparing pie to wisdom. Imagine your grandmother makes your favourite apple pie — she represents the wisdom you think is best. Now, imagine you take this apple pie to the Amazon rainforest, where apples don’t grow. For the locals, the pie isn’t as good as their own traditional desserts; they’ve grown up with different flavours and ingredients, (Q4) just as different cultures have developed their own wisdom traditions. Ultimately, the way wisdom is experienced, shared, and valued depends on the cultural ingredients involved.analogy n. 类比，比喻 Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。根据“All cultures value wisdom, but not all cultures agree on its definition.”，可见所有文化都重视智慧，但都对智慧的定义看法不一致。正确答案为B。 Q2. D.【解析】细节题。根据“The first quality a wise person must have is ‘socio-emotional awareness’.”以及“However, this person must also have the second quality: ‘reflective orientation’”，可知研究将智慧与两大特质联系起来。第一个特质是“社会情感认知”，第二个特质是“反思思辨能力”。正确答案为D。 Q3. C.【解析】推理题。根据“If you are mindlessly driven by emotions and don’t think before you act, then you are unlikely to be perceived as wise.”，可知如果被情绪盲目驱使，且在行动前不假思索就不算有智慧，由此可推断，情绪需要与逻辑思维相互平衡，因此正确答案为C。 Q4. A.【解析】细节题。根据“Just as different cultures have developed their own wisdom traditions.”，可知不同文化发展了自己的智慧传统。苹果派的类比意在说明不同文化拥有各自独特的智慧传统，因此正确答案为A。 Q5. B.【解析】主旨题。根据全文，文章主要探讨了智慧在不同文化中的定义和感知方式，因此正确答案为B。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 如何诚恳道歉

How to make a good apology 如何诚恳道歉常速 | 五级（中等）| 350词 | 2min6s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to Dr. Aaron Lazare, why is it sometimes better to say, “There’s no excuse for my behaviour”? A. It helps the apologiser avoid explaining their actions. B. It shows a deeper understanding of the offence committed. C. It prevents the recipient from feeling manipulated. D. It simplifies the apology process for both parties. Q2. What can be inferred about the importance of making amends in apologies? A. It is only necessary for physical damages caused. B. It is less important than expressing remorse. C. It ensures the recipient forgives the apologiser. D. It demonstrates the apologiser’s commitment to change. Q3. What does the study “Do sincere apologies need to be costly?” suggest about the relationship between effort and apology effectiveness? A. Apologies are effective only if they involve financial compensation. B. Effort is irrelevant to the perceived sincerity of apologies. C. Increased effort makes apologies appear more genuine. D. Longer apologies are more effective than shorter ones. Q4. What does the study “Sorries seem to have the harder words” imply about the use of language in apologies? A. Complex language makes apologies more sincere. B. Apologies should avoid using longer words. C. Shorter words are perceived as more apologetic. D. Language choice has no impact on apology effectiveness. Q5. What is the main idea of the text? A. Apologies are more effective when they involve inconvenience to the apologiser. B. Genuine apologies require acknowledgment, explanation, remorse, and amends. C. Forgiveness is a choice that cannot be forced upon the recipient. D. Longer words in apologies make them appear more sincere to recipients. Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow to make a good apology Apologising is one of the first relationship skills we’re taught as children. “Say sorry to your friend for stealing his toy”, “Apologise to your mother for being so rude!” Children often apologise because they are told to by adults, regardless of whether they mean it, and the recipient is often told to forgive, regardless of whether they feel it. But the skill of making a heartfelt, genuine apology must grow as we become adults if we want to nurture healthy relationships.recipient n. 接受者，收件人 nurture v. 培养，养育 Dr. Aaron Lazare, psychiatrist and apology expert, says a good apology should have four elements. The first is to acknowledge the offence and admit that you have wronged someone. (Q1) Next, there’s an opportunity to explain what happened, without excusing yourself – in fact, it’s sometimes best to simply say, “There’s no excuse for my behaviour.” The third step is to express remorse and show that you understand how the behaviour has impacted the other person. (Q2) Lastly, offer to make amends. If the mistake involved physical damage, have it repaired. If it involved emotional pain, promise to be more sensitive in the future.remorse n. 懊悔，悔恨 make amends: 补偿(Q3) Research shows that an apology is more effective when it is more costly to the apologiser, whether that’s in terms of money, effort or time. For example, a study called “Do sincere apologies need to be costly?” found people were more convinced by an apology if the apologiser had to inconvenience themself in order to deliver the apology. For example, if that person made a journey to say sorry, rather than just waiting for the next meetup. (Q4) A 2025 study called “Sorries seem to have the harder words”, found that people use longer words when apologising than when they’re not apologising. It also found that people perceived apologies with longer words as more apologetic than apologies with shorter words.So, be sincere and own your mistakes, remembering that forgiveness can’t be forced – the other person has the freedom to forgive or not to forgive. But what’s better: harbouring guilt for the rest of your life, or taking that weight off your shoulders?harbor v. 心怀，怀有（情感或想法） Part III. KEYQ1. B.【解析】细节题。根据“Next, there’s an opportunity to explain what happened, without excusing yourself – in fact, it’s sometimes best to simply say, ‘There’s no excuse for my behaviour.’ ”，可知直接说“我的行为没有任何借口”，这样的表达能够表明自己不会找借口开脱，对自己冒犯行为有了更深刻的的理解。因此正确答案为B。Q2. D.【解析】推理题。根据“Lastly, offer to make amends. If the mistake involved physical damage, have it repaired. If it involved emotional pain, promise to be more sensitive in the future.”，可知最后是提出弥补。如果错误涉及物理损坏，请进行修复。如果涉及情感伤害，请承诺未来会更加注意。这表明，弥补行为代表道歉者愿意做出改变、承担责任，而不是仅仅停留在口头上。因此正确答案为D。Q3. C.【解析】细节题。根据“Research shows that an apology is more effective when it is more costly to the apologiser, ... people were more convinced by an apology if the apologiser had to inconvenience themself in order to deliver the apology.”，可知研究表明，当道歉者付出更多代价时，无论是金钱、努力还是时间，道歉都会更有效。如果道歉者为了表达歉意而不得不给自己带来不便，人们会更容易被道歉说服。因此可以得出结论，道歉付出的时间、精力、麻烦越多会让道歉显得更真诚。因此正确答案为C。Q4. A.【解析】细节题。根据“A 2025 study called 'Sorries seem to have the harder words', found that people use longer words when apologising than when they're not apologising. It also found that people perceived apologies with longer words as more apologetic than apologies with shorter words.”，可知研究发现，人们在道歉时使用的词汇比不道歉时更长，并且人们认为使用较长词汇的道歉比使用较短词汇的道歉更有歉意。由此可以推断，复杂的语言会让道歉显得更真诚。因此正确答案为A。Q5. B.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是讨论如何诚恳地道歉，并详细介绍了诚恳道歉的四个关键步骤：第一步是承认过错；第二步是不要为自己找借口；第三步是表达悔意；最后，提出弥补。因此，文章的核心内容是关于真诚道歉的四个关键步骤，正确答案为B。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 我们应该害怕人工智能吗？

我们应该害怕人工智能吗？Should we fear AI? 常速 | 五级（偏难）| 345词 | 2min9s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is one reason Elon Musk and other experts called for a pause in advanced AI development? A. To address potential risks posed by human-competitive intelligence. B. To promote AI’s use in solving global problems. C. To reduce the economic impact of AI on job markets. D. To advance communication technologies like Skype. Q2. What does The Future of Life Institute suggest about advanced AI systems? A. They should be developed faster to solve global problems. B. They can help reduce poverty in poorer countries. C. They pose profound risks to society and humanity. D. They are unlikely to replace human intelligence. Q3. According to Goldman Sachs, what is one possible impact of AI on the job market? A. AI will eliminate the need for human workers entirely. B. AI could replace 300 million full-time jobs. C. AI may create a productivity boom and new jobs. D. AI will only affect jobs in the technology sector. Q4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain how AI works in modern technology. B. To discuss the potential benefits and risks of AI development. C. To highlight the economic advantages of AI. D. To promote AI’s use in solving global problems. Q5. What can be inferred about Bill Gates’ view on AI? A. He doubts AI’s ability to address global challenges. B. He suggests governments should collaborate with industry to manage AI risks. C. He believes AI will primarily benefit developed countries. D. He thinks AI development should be paused indefinitely. Part II. TRANSCRIPTShould we fear AI? There is no doubt that artificial intelligence - or AI - has become an important part of our lives. It is no longer just a thing of science fiction: it’s an incredible technological breakthrough that has changed the way we live. (Q4-1) But there are fears that AI has become too intelligent and could be a threat to humanity.This claim might sound extreme, but (Q1) a letter signed by more than 1,000 technology experts, including Tesla boss Elon Musk, called on the world to press pause on the development of more advanced AI because of the risks. Estonian billionaire Jaan Tallinn, for example, who helped develop communication app Skype, thinks we should be cautious. And The Future of Life Institute, a not-for-profit organisation, says that there should be a temporary pause in advanced AI development, saying that (Q2) “AI systems with human-competitive intelligence can pose profound risks to society and humanity.”Tesla n. 特斯拉（公司名，指特斯拉汽车公司） billionaire n. 亿万富翁 This pessimistic outlook is supported by (Q3) a report by investment bank Goldman Sachs that says AI could replace the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs. But it may also mean new jobs and a productivity boom. We may argue that AI such as chatbots can help us. State-of-the-art ChatGPT, for example, has been helping some students write assignments. AI is allowing computers to think or act in a more human way. And machine learning means computers can learn what to do without being given explicit instructions. The technology is impressive, but as it starts to think for itself, will it outsmart us?Some people are more optimistic. (Q4-2) AI advocates say the tech is already delivering real social and economic benefits for people. Meanwhile, the founder of Microsoft, (Q5) Bill Gates, has called on governments to work with industry to “limit the risks” of AI. But he says the technology could save lives, particularly in poorer countries. He says, “Just as the world needs its brightest people focused on its biggest problems, we will need to focus the world’s best AIs on its biggest problems.” If this happens, maybe humanity will have a future.Part III. KEYQ1. A.【解析】细节题。根据“a letter signed by more than 1,000 technology experts, including Tesla boss Elon Musk, called on the world to press pause on the development of more advanced AI because of the risks.”，可知包括特斯拉老板埃隆·马斯克在内的1000多位技术专家签署了一封信，呼吁全球暂停开发更先进的人工智能，是因为其存在风险。正确答案为A。 Q2. C.【解析】细节题。根据“AI systems with human-competitive intelligence can pose profound risks to society and humanity.”，可知该机构认为具有与人类竞争性智能的人工智能系统可能会给社会和人类带来极大隐患。正确答案为C。 Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“a report by investment bank Goldman Sachs that says AI could replace the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs.，可知高盛报告指出，人工智能可能会替代3亿个全职工作岗位。正确答案为B。 Q4. B.【解析】主旨题。根据“there are fears that AI has become too intelligent and could be a threat to humanity.”以及“AI advocates say the tech is already delivering real social and economic benefits for people”，可知文章先讲述人们担忧 AI 带来的各类风险，可能对人类构成威胁，又介绍AI 带来的社会经济益处，主要讨论了人工智能发展的利弊。正确答案为B。 Q5. B.【解析】推理题。根据“Bill Gates has called on governments to work with industry to ‘limit the risks’ of AI.”，可知比尔·盖茨呼吁政府与行业合作以“限制人工智能的风险”。由此可以推断，比尔·盖茨认为应该合作采取措施管控人工智能的风险，但并非完全暂停发展，因此正确答案为B。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛英语专业组二等奖赵雪宇授课

授课点评：赵雪宇老师展示了“3A设计”，整合了准备、习得与应用这三个不同的教学阶段。对教学阶段和教学过程的表述比较清晰，教学过程在“3A设计”的基础上展开，强调学生参与的多元形式，例如学生提问、学生评价、学生总结等。设计框架层次清晰。教学展示与教学设计紧密地融合在了一起。展示伊始，教师提醒学生回忆“3A设计”，并且多次使用“I want you to be/do…”的句式，运用丰富的肢体语言、重读、停顿等方式明确提出了自己的期待，帮助学生更加直观地获得课堂学习的方向感。此外，教师对学生的分享做出了真诚的回应，而不只是用简短的评价话语敷衍了事，这对学习共同体的建构大有助益。这同时体现出教师对英语有着较好的掌握程度，能够从容、准确地重述学生观点，帮助学生修正语言表述上的错误，并提供更加规范、高效的表达方式。整体而言，赵老师在教学展示过程中教态得体，状态自然、松弛，说课清晰，且能够脱离讲稿等材料的辅助完成授课。课堂教学紧密围绕教学目标，环环相扣，逐步深入。她有效运用了多媒体课件，运用多样的视图突出核心教学内容，起到了辅助作用。可以看出赵老师的整体状态（尤其体现为笑容、身势，对重读、停顿的运用，以及真诚的回应）有效吸引了学生的注意力，激发了学生的学习兴趣，为学生创设了安全的发言空间，让学生有分享欲，愿意主动参与课堂互动。最后，建议赵老师未来可以在分析课文内容的同时，进一步在词汇层面对近义词加以辨析。点评专家：杨延宁

第12届教学大赛商务英语组二等奖贺静授课

授课点评：贺静老师授课效果较好，教学目标清楚、教学方法得当、教学程序井井有条。此外，贺静老师口齿清晰，语音语调比较纯正、流利；教态端庄自然，有亲和力，教学过程中与学生互动良好，体现了以学生为主体，教师为主导的教学原则。授课分两部分。第一部分介绍该单元（Empire of Wealth）的总教学安排，用了3分30秒，时间把握得比较好。另外，设计的PPT形式多样，各种图表清楚展现了教学安排。授课开始的第三分钟，PPT显示的该单元总教学目标及三篇课文的教学目标一览无遗，加上贺静老师的阐释，清晰地传递了教学目标和学习目标，这能帮助学生在课堂内外围绕主题有效学习。紧接着，贺静老师借助PPT上的流程图比较详细地介绍了授课课文In Praise of Competitive Urges的教学安排，其中的Problem-centred教学方法对学生发现、分析和解决问题有很大帮助。之后进入第二部分：比赛授课阶段。第二部分具体授课含四个阶段。进入第一阶段Warm-up时，贺静老师显得有点紧张，但很快就调整好了状态。该阶段有教师对课文理解的提问，请学生从课文中找到相关的依据回答问题，这种做法本来值得称道，因为授课不能离开课文。但是，Warm-up阶段是课前准备阶段，因此，贺静老师在Warm-up阶段讲解课文不妥，建议把重点放在教材中的Warm-up Activities上，适当设计一些附加的活动，才符合教学逻辑。此外，在总时间为20分钟且第一阶段用了3分30秒的情况下，Warm-up阶段用了5分1秒显得有点过长。之后是第二阶段Questionnaire Results，贺静老师分析解释了调查表中的信息，谈了自己对问题的看法，期间激励学生思考、回答问题，这对培养学生的独立思考能力及理解课文非常有益。Questionnaire之后进入授课第三阶段：Wealth-flaunting Motivations / Summarizing。炫富动机是课文包含的核心内容之一。因此，讨论炫富动机有助于学生理解课文。教师要求学生从PPT上（视频13'）显示的课文段落寻找答案，并要求学生做pair work找到有关的词汇。另外，通过分析课文的修辞寓意，贺静老师阐释了文章作者的真实目的。这一点做得很好。另一方面，根据该单元内容，所授的是“综合商务英语”课程。因此，贺静老师应更多围绕语言难点、篇章结构、写作风格、文法修辞等方面进行解释，让学生对课文有更深层次的理解。第四阶段Assignment在视频18'15"开始。课后作业包括questionnaire设计、调研报告写作、相关阅读作业。这样较好兼顾了综合商务英语课程语言学习和商务实践的教学特点。建议更多以教材内容教学为主，重视语言、篇章教学，在帮助学生充分理解课文的前提下掌握一些商务知识和技能；需要结合课文融入更多的思政教育内容。点评专家：翁凤翔

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