全新版大学进阶英语：视听说教程4

全新版大学进阶英语《视听说教程》网络课程可用于课堂教学外的巩固与补充，也可作为学生独立学习的网络课程。该课程选用美国《国家地理》的素材，图片震撼、场景真实、语言地道。《视听说网络课程》注重听力技能和口语表达的训练，练习设计循序渐进，科学合理；为兼顾四级考试的需求，网络课程每单元均含四级听力与口语训练的练习。听力播放支持语速调节，口语训练实现了较好的人机交互功能，便于学生根据自身需求进行个性化学习。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3（思政智慧版）

全新版大学英语视听说教程1

《全新版大学英语视听说教程》共四册，每册八单元，突出视听说技能、演讲技能和批判性思维能力的培养。该数字课程每单元包含Listening, Extended Listening, Speaking, TEDTalks, Presentation和Self-test六大部分。听力训练主题广泛、注重听力和记笔记技能的培养，素材包括电视或电台采访、新闻报道、专题讨论等，同时还有与单元主题相关的拓展听力兼顾学生应试需求。口语和语音训练通过人机对话、跟读评分，有效提升学生口语水平。以TED演讲为素材的视频练习，突出记笔记、作演讲能力的培养。数字课程特有的单元自测通过词汇和听力测试有效检验学生的学习效果。

双语阅读 | 人工智能是否已经让毕业生失业了？

人工智能是否已经让毕业生失业了？Is AI putting graduates out of work already?文本难度：四级刘立军供稿If you are studying coding, we might have some bad news.如果你正在学习编程，我们可能得告诉你一个坏消息。“There’s no sign in the data that AI is costing anybody their job right now,” Kevin Hassett, a White House adviser, said on May 11th. Someone should tell America’s class of 2026. “It’s grim,” one professor says of the market for graduate jobs. Artificial intelligence is the popular villain. At a recent commencement ceremony in Florida a speaker was booed for mentioning it. And not without reason: our analysis suggests AI may indeed be harming some graduates’ job prospects.“目前没有任何数据表明人工智能正在导致任何人失业，”白宫顾问凯文·哈塞特（Kevin Hassett）5月11日表示。可这话恐怕得去告诉2026届的美国毕业生们。一位教授在谈及毕业生就业市场时直言：“形势很严峻。”人工智能成了众矢之的。最近在佛罗里达州的一场毕业典礼上，有演讲者一提到AI，就被台下的学生喝倒彩。而这种愤怒并非毫无道理：我们的分析表明，AI确实可能正在损害部分毕业生的就业前景。A university degree no longer seems to offer much protection from joblessness: recent graduates are likelier to be unemployed than the average American. The current cohort feels particularly gloomy. Less than a fifth of them think this is a good time to find a good job – the lowest share in over a decade, and well below the figure for Americans overall, at more than a quarter. A slump in on-campus recruiting is not helping. Job postings on Handshake, a search platform for university students, are 50% below their peak of 2022. 大学学位似乎不再能有效抵御失业风险：应届毕业生的失业率甚至比美国人的平均水平还要高。本届毕业生感到尤其悲观。他们中不足五分之一的人认为眼下是找到好工作的良机——这一比例创下十多年来的新低，也远低于美国整体超过四分之一的比例。校园招聘的低迷更是雪上加霜。在面向大学生的求职平台 Handshake 上，职位发布量比2022年的峰值暴跌了50%。Many suspect AI is to blame. More than half of employers say they have considered replacing entry-level workers with the technology. A recent poll by the Institute of Politics at Harvard University’s Kennedy School found that, similarly, more than half of young Americans see AI as a threat to their job prospects. 许多人怀疑罪魁祸首正是人工智能。超过半数的雇主表示，他们考虑用AI技术来取代初级岗位员工。哈佛大学肯尼迪学院政治研究所近期的一项民调也显示：超过半数的美国年轻人认为AI对他们的就业前景构成了威胁。Economists are more divided. A paper by Erik Brynjolfsson of Stanford University and colleagues, published in 2025, examined employment among young workers in AI-exposed jobs, such as software development. The authors found it had fallen by 16% relative to less-exposed fields. 经济学家们则对此意见不一。斯坦福大学的埃里克·布林约尔松（Erik Brynjolfsson）及其同事在2025年发表的一篇论文中，研究了软件开发等易受AI影响岗位的年轻工作者的就业情况。作者发现，其就业率相比受AI影响较小的领域下降了16%。But a paper published this year by Zanna Iscenko and Fabien Curto Millet, two economists at Google, casts doubt on the idea that young workers in particular are being displaced by AI. They found that job postings in AI-exposed occupations have declined just as sharply for senior workers as for junior ones, and that this trend predated the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022. Another study, by Morgan Frank of the University of Pittsburgh and colleagues, showed that labor-market outcomes have deteriorated for AI-exposed employees, but that this trend also began before ChatGPT was released. 不过，今年由谷歌的两位经济学家赞娜·伊森科（Zanna Iscenko）和法比安·库尔托·米莱（Fabien Curto Millet）发表的一篇论文，对“年轻员工尤其容易被AI取代”的观点提出了质疑。他们发现，在易受AI影响的岗位中，针对资深员工的岗位招聘数量下降幅度与初级员工一样剧烈，且这一趋势在2022年底 ChatGPT 推出之前就已经出现。匹兹堡大学的摩根·弗兰克（Morgan Frank）及其同事的另一项研究也表明，虽然易受AI影响的劳动者就业状况确实恶化了，但这种趋势同样始于 ChatGPT 发布之前。The Economist has conducted its own analysis, using a largely overlooked source of data: ten years’ worth of surveys of recent college graduates from the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Each year American universities ask new alumni whether they are working, unemployed or in graduate school. Using their responses, we compared labor-market outcomes in fields with differing levels of exposure to AI before and after the arrival of large language models.《经济学人》也开展了独立分析，采用的是长期被忽视的数据来源：美国高校与雇主协会（NACE）过去十年对应届大学毕业生的调查。每年，美国各高校都会询问新近校友是否已就业、失业，或正在攻读研究生。利用这些反馈，我们对比了在大语言模型出现前后，受AI影响程度不同的领域在就业市场中的表现。We found that graduates in fields more exposed to AI have suffered markedly worse outcomes. Between 2022 and 2024 graduates in the least-exposed quintile – studying subjects such as education, philosophy and civil engineering – saw their average full-time employment rate fall by just 1.5 percentage points. Those in the most exposed quintile – including computer science, computer engineering and information science – suffered a 6.6 percentage-point drop. 我们发现，受AI影响较大的专业，其毕业生的就业状况明显更差。在2022年至2024年间，受AI影响最小的20%的专业（如教育学、哲学和土木工程）毕业生，其平均全职就业率仅下降了1.5个百分点。而受AI影响最大的20%的专业（包括计算机科学、计算机工程和信息科学），则遭受了6.6个百分点的降幅。We updated these figures for the most exposed fields, using data from 13 universities, and found that the trend continued for the class of 2025. The rate of full-time employment fell from nearly 70% to 55% in three years – notably, the three years following ChatGPT’s release in 2022. Prior to that, it had been stable. 我们采用13所大学的数据，对受AI影响最大领域的就业数据进行了更新，发现2025届毕业生也延续了这一趋势。三年间，全职就业率从近70%下降到了55%——值得注意的是这是2022年 ChatGPT 发布之后的三年。而在那之前，该比率一直保持平稳。Students are already changing course. Data from the National Student Clearinghouse, a research group, show that undergraduate enrolment in computer science fell by 11% in 2025. Enrolment in computer programming, which focuses on coding skills rather than theory, dropped by 26%. 学生们已经开始“用脚投票”。研究机构“国家学生信息中心”的数据显示，2025年计算机科学专业的本科生入学人数下降了11%，而侧重于编码技能而非理论的计算机编程专业，入学人数更是大幅下滑了26%。The work done by computer-science graduates is changing, too. Less time is spent writing code; more is devoted to designing and organizing software systems at a higher level. Lana Yarosh, director of undergraduate studies in computer science at the University of Minnesota, says she understands students’ anxieties. “It’s always hard when things change. But computer science is a field where everything changes all the time.” 计算机科学专业的毕业生所从事的工作内容也在发生变化：写代码的时间变少了，更多精力被投入到更高层面的软件系统设计和架构组织之中。明尼苏达大学计算机科学本科项目主任拉娜·亚罗什（Lana Yarosh）表示，她理解学生们的焦虑：“当情况发生变化时，总是很难适应。但计算机科学本身就是一个日新月异的领域。”【词汇】 1. grim adj. 严峻的；惨淡的2. villain n. 罪魁祸首；反面人物3. boo v. 发嘘声；喝倒彩4. cohort n. 群体；一批人5. slump n. 急剧下滑；暴跌6. displace v. 取代；使流离失所7. predate v. 先于……发生；早于8. alumni n. 校友（alumnus的复数）9. quintile n. 五分之一组，即以数据的20%为一组（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

双语阅读 | 用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？

用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety?文本难度：六级刘立军供稿Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety? Some big studies say yes. Many experts have reservations. 运动对抗抑郁、抗焦虑的疗效，能和正规治疗相媲美吗？一些大型研究给出了肯定的答案，但许多专家对此仍持保留意见。For those in the doldrums, few things are more tiresome than being told to exercise. But unwelcome advice is not necessarily wrong. Study after study has found that exercise boosts mood and reduces anxiety. Two large analyses published earlier this year go further, suggesting it works about as well as therapy or antidepressants. 对于那些正处于情绪低谷的人来说，几乎没有比听到别人劝自己“去运动”更让人心烦的了。但不中听的建议未必就是错的。一项又一项的研究发现，运动能够提振情绪，缓解焦虑。今年早些时候发表的两项大型分析进一步表明，运动的治疗效果与心理治疗、抗抑郁药物不相上下。The first, published in January by researchers based across Britain and Ireland, took the form of a Cochrane review — a well-regarded meta-analysis of health-care research. It pooled the results of 69 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to measure the effects of exercise on depression. The second paper, published in February in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, was a so-called meta-meta-analysis. It drew on more than 1,000 trials involving nearly 80,000 participants. Both concluded that exercise reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety by roughly as much as conventional treatments. 第一项研究由英国和爱尔兰的研究人员完成，于今年1月发表，采用了备受推崇的科克伦（Cochrane）系统评价形式——这是医疗领域广受认可的一种荟萃分析。该研究汇总了69项随机对照试验（RCTs）的数据，这些试验专门用来评估运动对抑郁症的作用。第二篇论文于2月发表在《英国运动医学杂志》上，采用了所谓的“二次荟萃分析”。研究参考了1000余项试验，受试者近8万名。两项研究均得出结论：运动在缓解抑郁、焦虑症状方面的效果，与常规治疗方法大致相当。There are important caveats. Meta-analyses are only as good as the studies they include, and exercise trials are prone to being skewed. For one thing, participants cannot be blinded — they know if they are doing kettlebell swings or not — which makes their self-reported mood vulnerable to any favorable expectations they might have. For this and other reasons, the Cochrane review judged all the studies it included to be at “high risk” of bias. 但该结论存在重要的限定条件。荟萃分析的可靠性完全取决于所纳入的原始研究，而运动类试验往往容易出现结果偏倚。首先，参与者无法实施“盲法”——自己是否完成壶铃摇摆这类运动，参与者心知肚明。这就导致参与者主动上报的情绪，很容易受到内心积极预期的影响。出于上述及其他因素，这份科克伦系统评价判定，其纳入的所有研究均存在“高偏倚风险”。What’s more, the meta-meta-analysis did not include any studies that tested exercise against other interventions. The findings from the exercise trials were, instead, compared against those from separate trials of antidepressants or therapy. But unlike exercise studies, RCTs of antidepressants are typically well blinded and have strong placebo effects, making it harder for them to achieve similarly impressive results. “I don’t think it’s a fair comparison,” says Jonathan Roiser, a professor of neuroscience at University College London. 此外，这项“二次荟萃分析”并未纳入任何将运动与其他干预措施进行直接对比的研究。它是把运动试验的结果，与另外独立开展的抗抑郁药、心理治疗试验的数据做比对。但与运动研究不同，抗抑郁药物的随机对照试验通常盲法设计完善，且安慰剂效应显著，这使得药物想要取得同样令人瞩目的疗效数据难度更大。伦敦大学学院的神经科学教授乔纳森·罗伊泽（Jonathan Roiser）表示：“我认为这样对比并不客观。”All the same, most researchers are confident that exercise helps improve mood. Aerobic workouts, such as running, walking or cycling, seem to be particularly beneficial across the board. For depression, group-based or supervised exercise is more effective than sweating alone, and the benefits of exercise accrue over several months. For anxiety, the best results seem to come from lower-intensity activity. 尽管如此，绝大多数研究人员仍认可运动有助于改善情绪。跑步、散步或骑车等有氧运动，总体来看大有裨益。针对抑郁症，团体运动或在专业人员指导下开展的运动，效果优于独自锻炼，且运动带来的益处会数月里不断累积。而对于焦虑症，低强度运动似乎能带来最佳效果。Why exercise works is less clear. The popular idea that exercise generates a “high” by causing the release of endorphins, a form of opioid, has little scientific support. A study published in 2021 found that blocking runners’ opioid receptors reduced neither the euphoria they reported after a session nor the drop in anxiety. Researchers instead think that endocannabinoids — chemicals produced by the body and brain that activate the same receptors as the active molecules in cannabis — might be responsible for these short-term boosts. 至于运动为何有效，具体机制尚不明确。有一种广为流传的说法：运动会促使内啡肽（一种阿片样物质）的释放，从而让人产生愉悦感，但这一说法缺乏足够的科学依据。2021年的一项研究发现，阻断跑步者体内的阿片类受体，既不会降低他们运动后的欣快感，也不会减弱焦虑的缓解程度。研究人员转而认为，内源性大麻素可能是带来这种短期情绪提升的原因；这类物质由人体和大脑合成，能激活与大麻有效成分相同的受体。Other pathways are also being triggered. Exercise seems to reduce inflammation and improve brain plasticity, as well as increasing the transmission of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is involved in the process of weighing effort against reward, and so increasing transmission may help reverse the loss of motivation associated with depression. 运动还会激活其他生理机制：它能够减轻炎症，提升大脑可塑性，并增加大脑内多巴胺的传递。多巴胺参与了“权衡付出与回报”这一心理过程，因此，增加多巴胺的传递有助于改善抑郁症患者典型的动力缺失问题。There are purely psychological benefits, too: exercise can provide people with a sense of achievement, agency and eventually mastery, all of which are known to lift mood. Plenty of reasons, then, to work up a sweat. 此外，运动还能带来纯粹的心理益处：它能给人带来成就感、自主感，最终获得一种掌控感，而这些都能够提振情绪。如此看来，我们完全有理由动起来，好好出一身汗。 【词汇】 1. in the doldrums 情绪低落2. meta-analysis n. 荟萃分析（一种循证医学研究方法，把多个独立的同类研究的数据汇总、合并分析，得到一个综合性结论，研究说服力高于单一试验）3. caveat n. 警告；提醒4. skew v. 使……有偏差；影响……的准确性5. placebo n. 安慰剂6. neuroscience n. 神经科学7. aerobic adj. 有氧的8. accrue v. 积累；增加9. endorphin n. 内啡肽10. opioid n. 阿片样物质（既可来源于外界毒品，也包含人体自身合成的内啡肽，能够起到镇痛、产生欣快感的作用）11. receptor n. 受体；感受器12. euphoria n. 欣快感；极度愉快13. cannabis n. 大麻14. inflammation n. 炎症15. dopamine n. 多巴胺（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 我们为何需要8小时睡眠？

我们为何需要8小时睡眠？Why do we need eight hours of sleep?常速 | 四级（偏易） | 809词 | 3min37s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does Dr. Sanjay Gupta say about the commonly recommended eight hours of sleep?A. It is the minimum amount required for all adults.B. It is mainly suitable for teenagers and children.C. It represents an average rather than a fixed standard.D. It has recently been proven to be scientifically inaccurate.Q2. Which stage of sleep occupies the largest proportion of an adult’s sleep cycle?A. Stage one sleep.B. Stage two sleep.C. Stage three sleep.D. REM sleep.Q3. Why does Dr. Gupta consider sleep especially important for students?A. It improves physical strength and athletic performance.B. It reduces the amount of study time students need.C. It helps transfer daily experiences into long-term memory.D. It allows the brain to remain active throughout the night.Q4. What can be inferred about irregular sleeping habits?A. They mainly affect people who travel frequently.B. They may interfere with the body’s natural rhythm.C. They can quickly increase the total amount of sleep.D. They are less harmful than excessive screen use.Q5. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To compare the sleeping habits of adults and children.B. To warn people about the long-term dangers of technology addiction.C. To discuss the relationship between exercise and brain development.D. To explain the functions of sleep and ways to improve sleep quality.Part II. TRANSCRIPTWhy do we need eight hours of sleep?I got 5 hours of sleep last night. Last night, this is not normal. I got about 6 and 1/2 hours of sleep. Last night, I slept four hours. I got 5 hours 45 minutes of sleep. Last night, I got about 5 hours of sleep. Usually, I try to shoot for 7 to 8. It seems like most people are not getting 8 hours of sleep. We got a wide range of answers today. I am on a mission to find out if that’s really what we need to do. And I’m bringing in a special guest, Dr. Sanjay Gupta.How are you? You missed this discussion. Oh man, you are the man I need to speak to. So why eight hours? Is this the optimal amount?optimal adj. 最佳的，最适宜的(Q1) So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults. The thing is, for kids, it’s actually even more than that—9 to 12 hours for elementary school kids and teenagers, back to sort of 8 to 10 hours.(Q5-1) Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?Sleep is actually a really fascinating time for the brain. It’s kind of interesting because people think it’s just at rest. It’s actually really active. And there are several stages of sleep. (Q2) Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one. That’s the lightest sleep, just sort of drifting off to sleep. Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two. Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%. And then there’s this really interesting stage. It’s called REM—rapid eye movements. Literally, your eyes are moving behind your eyelids, and that’s when you’re dreamy. Yeah. And you cycle over and over again through these stages of sleep. About 90 minutes or so for all the stages.The other thing your brain is doing is clearing out waste from all the work that it’s done during the day. (Q3) And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.So how do I know if I’ve gotten enough sleep for me, for my body?So, most people generally know because you are probably a little bit grumpier than you normally are. You’re always cheery though, aren’t you? I’ve never seen you grumpy. You know, you feel tired. I think one of the biggest tests—someone told me this years ago—is if you put yourself in a darkened room in a comfortable chair and right away you fall asleep within a couple of minutes; that’s a pretty sure sign that you’re sleep-deprived.grumpy adj. 脾气坏的，易怒的(Q5-2) So, give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.So, you’re an athlete, probably working out too close to when you go to bed; it’s probably going to keep you up. You’re sort of stimulating the body. Caffeine stimulates the body. So, in the morning, good idea. But later on in the afternoon, that’s probably going to keep you up. Screens, the blue light alone is something that’s going to keep you up. It just kind of wakes your brain up. Kind of wakes your brain up. Yeah. It’s like, hey, time to wake up. Time to actually do something.caffeine n. 咖啡因I think the biggest thing is the idea of sleeping around the same time and waking up at the same time every day. It’s like you’re confusing your brain. (Q4) If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later, your brain’s like, “Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.” If you get into a consistent pattern of whatever time, so let’s say 11 to 7, uh, every day, you’re likely to get good sleep. Your brain’s not confused, and you can stick with that pattern.Is that connected to that circadian rhythm we always have?circadian adj. 生理节律的And your circadian rhythm can get sort of messed up very quickly. You see that when you travel to LA or, you know, any kind of jet lag? You can essentially put yourself into jet lag right at home by confusing your brain like that all the time if you do nothing else. Well, get rid of the screens for sure, but after that, go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time.You know my tip for great sleep? Hang out with people who just put you at ease. And for me, you’re one of those people. You’re the best sleep. You’re the best.I’m not sure. It’s good that I put you to sleep.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults.” 意为：“就像生活中的很多事情一样，八小时只是一个平均值。对于大多数成年人来说，平均睡眠时间范围是6到10小时。”该句表明“八小时睡眠”并非绝对标准，而是一个平均参考值，因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two.” 意为：“第二阶段睡眠更深一些，大约占全部睡眠时间的45%。”结合前文“Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one”以及后文“Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%”可知，第二阶段占比最高，因此正确答案为B。Q3. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day, and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.” 意为：“我认为，对学生来说最重要的是，睡眠期间你的大脑会把白天的记忆和经历储存到长期记忆中，以便未来数月甚至数年后仍能记住。”该句直接说明了睡眠对学生的重要意义，因此正确答案为C。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later and your brain’s like, ‘Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.’” 意为：“如果你提前两小时或推迟两小时睡觉，你的大脑就会想：‘等等，现在是该睡觉的时候，还是不该睡？我也不确定’。”由此可以推断，不规律的睡眠习惯会扰乱人体自然生物节律，因此正确答案为B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?”以及“… give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.” 主持人请Gupta博士解释睡眠期间大脑的活动并提供改善睡眠的建议，随后他们对睡眠阶段、大脑功能、记忆形成以及健康睡眠习惯进行了详细讨论，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 我们为何需要8小时睡眠？

我们为何需要8小时睡眠？Why do we need eight hours of sleep?常速 | 四级（偏易） | 809词 | 3min37s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does Dr. Sanjay Gupta say about the commonly recommended eight hours of sleep?A. It is the minimum amount required for all adults.B. It is mainly suitable for teenagers and children.C. It represents an average rather than a fixed standard.D. It has recently been proven to be scientifically inaccurate.Q2. Which stage of sleep occupies the largest proportion of an adult’s sleep cycle?A. Stage one sleep.B. Stage two sleep.C. Stage three sleep.D. REM sleep.Q3. Why does Dr. Gupta consider sleep especially important for students?A. It improves physical strength and athletic performance.B. It reduces the amount of study time students need.C. It helps transfer daily experiences into long-term memory.D. It allows the brain to remain active throughout the night.Q4. What can be inferred about irregular sleeping habits?A. They mainly affect people who travel frequently.B. They may interfere with the body’s natural rhythm.C. They can quickly increase the total amount of sleep.D. They are less harmful than excessive screen use.Q5. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To compare the sleeping habits of adults and children.B. To warn people about the long-term dangers of technology addiction.C. To discuss the relationship between exercise and brain development.D. To explain the functions of sleep and ways to improve sleep quality.Part II. TRANSCRIPTWhy do we need eight hours of sleep?I got 5 hours of sleep last night. Last night, this is not normal. I got about 6 and 1/2 hours of sleep. Last night, I slept four hours. I got 5 hours 45 minutes of sleep. Last night, I got about 5 hours of sleep. Usually, I try to shoot for 7 to 8. It seems like most people are not getting 8 hours of sleep. We got a wide range of answers today. I am on a mission to find out if that’s really what we need to do. And I’m bringing in a special guest, Dr. Sanjay Gupta.How are you? You missed this discussion. Oh man, you are the man I need to speak to. So why eight hours? Is this the optimal amount?optimal adj. 最佳的，最适宜的(Q1) So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults. The thing is, for kids, it’s actually even more than that—9 to 12 hours for elementary school kids and teenagers, back to sort of 8 to 10 hours.(Q5-1) Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?Sleep is actually a really fascinating time for the brain. It’s kind of interesting because people think it’s just at rest. It’s actually really active. And there are several stages of sleep. (Q2) Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one. That’s the lightest sleep, just sort of drifting off to sleep. Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two. Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%. And then there’s this really interesting stage. It’s called REM—rapid eye movements. Literally, your eyes are moving behind your eyelids, and that’s when you’re dreamy. Yeah. And you cycle over and over again through these stages of sleep. About 90 minutes or so for all the stages.The other thing your brain is doing is clearing out waste from all the work that it’s done during the day. (Q3) And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.So how do I know if I’ve gotten enough sleep for me, for my body?So, most people generally know because you are probably a little bit grumpier than you normally are. You’re always cheery though, aren’t you? I’ve never seen you grumpy. You know, you feel tired. I think one of the biggest tests—someone told me this years ago—is if you put yourself in a darkened room in a comfortable chair and right away you fall asleep within a couple of minutes; that’s a pretty sure sign that you’re sleep-deprived.grumpy adj. 脾气坏的，易怒的(Q5-2) So, give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.So, you’re an athlete, probably working out too close to when you go to bed; it’s probably going to keep you up. You’re sort of stimulating the body. Caffeine stimulates the body. So, in the morning, good idea. But later on in the afternoon, that’s probably going to keep you up. Screens, the blue light alone is something that’s going to keep you up. It just kind of wakes your brain up. Kind of wakes your brain up. Yeah. It’s like, hey, time to wake up. Time to actually do something.caffeine n. 咖啡因I think the biggest thing is the idea of sleeping around the same time and waking up at the same time every day. It’s like you’re confusing your brain. (Q4) If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later, your brain’s like, “Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.” If you get into a consistent pattern of whatever time, so let’s say 11 to 7, uh, every day, you’re likely to get good sleep. Your brain’s not confused, and you can stick with that pattern.Is that connected to that circadian rhythm we always have?circadian adj. 生理节律的And your circadian rhythm can get sort of messed up very quickly. You see that when you travel to LA or, you know, any kind of jet lag? You can essentially put yourself into jet lag right at home by confusing your brain like that all the time if you do nothing else. Well, get rid of the screens for sure, but after that, go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time.You know my tip for great sleep? Hang out with people who just put you at ease. And for me, you’re one of those people. You’re the best sleep. You’re the best.I’m not sure. It’s good that I put you to sleep.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults.” 意为：“就像生活中的很多事情一样，八小时只是一个平均值。对于大多数成年人来说，平均睡眠时间范围是6到10小时。”该句表明“八小时睡眠”并非绝对标准，而是一个平均参考值，因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two.” 意为：“第二阶段睡眠更深一些，大约占全部睡眠时间的45%。”结合前文“Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one”以及后文“Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%”可知，第二阶段占比最高，因此正确答案为B。Q3. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day, and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.” 意为：“我认为，对学生来说最重要的是，睡眠期间你的大脑会把白天的记忆和经历储存到长期记忆中，以便未来数月甚至数年后仍能记住。”该句直接说明了睡眠对学生的重要意义，因此正确答案为C。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later and your brain’s like, ‘Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.’” 意为：“如果你提前两小时或推迟两小时睡觉，你的大脑就会想：‘等等，现在是该睡觉的时候，还是不该睡？我也不确定’。”由此可以推断，不规律的睡眠习惯会扰乱人体自然生物节律，因此正确答案为B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?”以及“… give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.” 主持人请Gupta博士解释睡眠期间大脑的活动并提供改善睡眠的建议，随后他们对睡眠阶段、大脑功能、记忆形成以及健康睡眠习惯进行了详细讨论，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 烟草陷阱

The tobacco trap烟草陷阱常速 | 五级（偏难）| 885词 | 5min23s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To highlight the tactics of the tobacco industry. B. To discuss the benefits of quitting tobacco use. C. To explain the history of tobacco advertising. D. To promote the use of e-cigarettes as alternatives. Q2. How many people do the tobacco industry’s products kill globally every year according to Simone St. Claire? A. Around six million people. B. Around eight million people. C. Around ten million people. D. Around four million people. Q3. What can be inferred about the tobacco industry’s use of flavours? A. Flavours are added to make tobacco safer. B. Flavours are designed to make tobacco less appealing. C. Flavours are intentionally used to attract young users. D. Flavours are chosen randomly without specific design. Q4. What does the word “sophistication” most likely mean in the context of slim cigarettes? A. Complexity. B. Elegance. C. Danger. D. Simplicity. Q5. Which of the following is NOT a tactic used by the tobacco industry as mentioned in the text? A. Using social media influencers. B. Placing products near candy in stores. C. Designing products to look like gadgets. D. Reducing the harmful effects of tobacco. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe tobacco trapVGS: There is an industry that spends over a million dollars an hour on advertising. And they’re constantly looking for younger and newer consumers. Do you know why? Because they know that their product kills up to half of its users. (Q1) We are talking about the tobacco industry today and our expert is Simone St. Claire. Welcome, Simone. So we know that there are no safe tobacco products, right, whether it’s shisha, chewing tobacco, rolled cigarettes. So how is it that the tobacco industry is succeeding in selling us death and destruction continuously?SSC: Great question. (Q2) The tobacco industry is well aware that their products kill around eight million people globally every year. To sustain their business, they must continuously recruit new users to replace those who die from using their products. And because their products are so harmful, they must do everything they can to make them attractive, especially to young people. One of their biggest tactics is flavours. If you think about it, tobacco on its own is harsh and unappealing. But when you add mint, mango, bubblegum or vanilla, they seem less dangerous. (Q3) Flavours are meant to hook you and then keep you addicted. This is not by accident, this is by design. Research shows that flavours are one of the main reasons that children and young people start using nicotine and tobacco products and once they start, they become addicted quickly.mint n. 薄荷 vanilla n. 香草 VGS: So just like flavours, there is research that shows packaging can attract consumers to products, right? How does the tobacco and nicotine industry use packaging to attract younger and younger people and women, especially?SSC: Tobacco companies use minimalist designs and bright colours to make their products look premium or even clean. But as you mentioned, there is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Let’s take slim cigarettes, for example. (Q4) These are cigarettes that are designed with narrower dimensions and traditionally marketed to women. They’re often associated with sophistication and elegance and are wrongly perceived to be less dangerous. But in reality, they pose comparable risks to regular cigarettes. Then if we look at the more recent nicotine products, sleek, colourful and high-tech. To be clear, when we’re talking about nicotine products, the most common is e-cigarettes, also known as vapes. (Q5-3) E-cigarettes are designed to look like USB sticks, lipsticks and stylish gadgets, which are easy to disguise and conceal from parents and teachers, which is particularly concerning when it comes to children and young people.premium adj. 高端的，优质的 sophistication n. 精致sleek adj. 光滑的，时尚的 VGS: So we know that most people who consume tobacco products know that it is harming their body but let’s go over it again. How exactly does tobacco impact our body?SSC: Tobacco use harms nearly every organ of the body. It causes heart disease, respiratory conditions, and over 20 types of cancer, including lung cancer. Tobacco is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and premature death. But the good news is that the benefits of quitting can be felt almost immediately. Within 20 minutes, blood pressure and heart rate drop. Within two to 12 weeks, lung function and circulation improves. Within a year, the risk of heart disease is cut in half and over time, the risk of tobacco-related diseases decreases dramatically.respiratory adj. 呼吸的 VGS: Another interesting fact here is the plain packaging or graphic warnings that you often see on cigarette boxes, that’s actually a result of the work that WHO and partners have done to bring in those policies to inform consumers about the dangers of tobacco. So let’s talk about another tactic and that’s advertising. You see tobacco advertising in music concerts, in sports events. Talk to us about that.SSC: Exactly, the marketing budget of big tobacco is larger than the GDP of some countries. They spend tens of billions of dollars every year to hide the truth that tobacco kills. (Q5-1) They use social media influencers, music festivals and giveaways to promote their harmful and addictive products. They use cartoon-like branding and sleek advertising to attract young users and (Q5-2) you’ll notice in some stores, they place nicotine and tobacco products near candy, which leads children to believe that they are innocent or even exciting.VGS: Simone, how can public health agencies, like WHO, stand up to the tobacco industry, which seems to have massive resources, right?SSC: Science, evidence and awareness is key. The more people know about these tricks, the less effective they become. We need to ensure that people are aware of just how harmful tobacco products are and how they destroy families and lives. WHO and countries are working together to put in place public health policies, things like smoke-free public places, bans on advertising, making products less affordable by introducing taxes and putting graphic images and health warnings on product packaging. And latest data shows that more than five billion people around the world are protected by at least one of these measures. This is a result of strong and decisive regulatory action. As a consumer, don’t be fooled. If nicotine or tobacco products look fun, tasty or trendy, they’re designed that way to hook you. So spread the word and support policies that protect public health.decisive adj. 决定性的，果断的 VGS: Thank you, Simone. That was Science in 5 today. Until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.Part III. KEYQ1. A.【解析】主旨题。根据“Today we are talking about the tobacco industry...”以及文章中多次提到烟草行业的策略和手段，可知此文主要讨论了烟草行业如何通过各种方式吸引用户并维持其业务。因此正确答案为A。 Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“The tobacco industry is well aware that their products kill around eight million people globally every year.”，可知全球每年约 800 万人因烟草制品死亡。因此正确答案为B。 Q3. C.【解析】推理题。根据“Flavours are meant to hook you and then keep you addicted. This is not by accident, this is by design.”，可知添加口味是有意设计的，目的是使人让人上瘾并保持依赖。由此可以推断，烟草行业故意使用口味来吸引年轻用户，因此正确答案为C。 Q4. B.【解析】词汇题。根据“These are cigarettes that are designed with narrower dimensions and traditionally marketed to women. They’re often associated with sophistication and elegance and are wrongly perceived to be less dangerous.”，可知这些香烟设计得更细，传统上销售给女性。它们通常与优雅联系在一起，在这一语境中，sophistication与优雅相关，指指精致、高雅。因此正确答案为B。 Q5. D.【解析】细节题。根据“They use social media influencers, music festivals and giveaways to promote their harmful and addictive products.” 和“You’ll notice in some stores, they place nicotine and tobacco products near candy, which leads children to believe that they are innocent or even exciting.” 以及“E-cigarettes are designed to look like USB sticks, lipsticks and stylish gadgets, which are easy to disguise and conceal from parents and teachers.” 这些句子分别说明了A、B和C选项的内容，而文中未提到烟草行业通过减少烟草的有害影响作为策略，因此正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法

Small steps to build long-lasting habits 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法常速 | 五级（偏易）| 376词 | 2min20s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to James Clear, what is the main reason people fail to maintain good habits? A. They lack willpower. B. They do not set SMART goals. C. Their system is flawed. D. Their goals are too ambitious. Q2. What is an example of a SMART goal mentioned in the text? A. Exercising more during the week. B. Walking for 20 minutes every weekday evening. C. Reading a book every month. D. Going to the gym three times a week. Q3. What is the purpose of ‘habit stacking’ as explained in the text? A. To identify ineffective habits. B. To eliminate bad habits completely. C. To prioritize daily routines. D. To attach new habits to existing ones. Q4. What can be inferred about setbacks in building habits? A. They indicate that the system is ineffective. B. They are unavoidable and part of the process. C. They should be avoided at all costs. D. They make it impossible to maintain habits. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss strategies for building and maintaining long-lasting habits. B. To explain why SMART goals are essential for habit formation. C. To highlight the importance of willpower in achieving goals. D. To emphasize the role of spontaneity in daily routines. Part II. TRANSCRIPTSmall steps to build long-lasting habitsIt’s day one of a healthier, smarter, better you. You’re full of zest and good intentions. You woke up at 5am to run before work, you read a book in your lunchbreak, and you listened to an English podcast on your commute. Now, fast forward three months. Life is getting in the way, and you’ve slipped into old habits… snoozing your alarm and eating chocolate for breakfast. Sound familiar?zest n. 热情，兴趣 podcast n. 播客，音频节目 commute n. 通勤，往返于工作地点和住所之间 Don’t be hard on yourself. It’s unrealistic to rely on willpower alone. (Q1) As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” Our habits come from goals, so start by getting really clear. Goals, according to George T Doran, should be SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. It’s not enough to say, “I’ll exercise more” – that’s too vague! (Q2) A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.” Now you have a clear action that you can stick to.vague adj. 模糊的，不明确的 Once you’re clear on your goals, you need to make the associated habits as automatic as possible. (Q3) Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly. For example, if you already make coffee every morning, use that moment to read your book for 20 minutes. That way, your new reading habit is now intertwined with something you’re going to do anyway. Another key strategy is to reward yourself, to transform the habit from a chore into something pleasurable. If it’s hard to get yourself to the gym, promise yourself that after each visit, you’ll allow yourself a treat – a takeaway meal or an episode of your favourite TV show.stack v. 堆叠，堆积 (Q4) Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process. Life is full of spontaneity and uncertainty – one could argue that’s what keeps it interesting! Use setbacks as a pause for reflection and review. What about your system is working? What’s no longer serving you? Then, get back on track.spontaneity n. 自发性，自然性 Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。根据“As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” ”，可知詹姆斯·克利尔认为，人们无法坚持好习惯，问题不在于人本身，而在于自身的体系存在缺陷。因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.””，可知一个SMART目标可以是“我打算在工作日的晚上步行20分钟。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly.”，可知habit stacking是指“习惯叠加”，即将一个新习惯附加到你已经经常做的事情上。因此正确答案为D。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。根据“Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process.”，可知即使我们有最好的意图和很好的系统，压力和社交活动等对日常生活的干扰仍然会让保持习惯感觉像是一场艰难的战斗。在培养习惯的过程中遭遇挫折是过程的一部分。因此正确答案为B。Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是讨论如何通过明确目标、习惯叠加和奖励机制等策略来建立和维持长期的习惯。“Small steps to build long-lasting habits” 的标题以及文章内容都围绕这一主题展开，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

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