全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程3的配套网络课程及移动学习资源包将背单词、练语音、听音频、看视频、写作文、做练习等学习内容有机整合，结合课本内容与课外补充，帮助学生自学自测，方便教师监督管理。

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程2（思政智慧版）

全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1（思政智慧版）

双语阅读 | 用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？

用运动对抗抑郁和焦虑能否等同于正规治疗？Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety?文本难度：六级刘立军供稿Is exercise as effective as treatments for depression and anxiety? Some big studies say yes. Many experts have reservations. 运动对抗抑郁、抗焦虑的疗效，能和正规治疗相媲美吗？一些大型研究给出了肯定的答案，但许多专家对此仍持保留意见。For those in the doldrums, few things are more tiresome than being told to exercise. But unwelcome advice is not necessarily wrong. Study after study has found that exercise boosts mood and reduces anxiety. Two large analyses published earlier this year go further, suggesting it works about as well as therapy or antidepressants. 对于那些正处于情绪低谷的人来说，几乎没有比听到别人劝自己“去运动”更让人心烦的了。但不中听的建议未必就是错的。一项又一项的研究发现，运动能够提振情绪，缓解焦虑。今年早些时候发表的两项大型分析进一步表明，运动的治疗效果与心理治疗、抗抑郁药物不相上下。The first, published in January by researchers based across Britain and Ireland, took the form of a Cochrane review — a well-regarded meta-analysis of health-care research. It pooled the results of 69 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to measure the effects of exercise on depression. The second paper, published in February in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, was a so-called meta-meta-analysis. It drew on more than 1,000 trials involving nearly 80,000 participants. Both concluded that exercise reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety by roughly as much as conventional treatments. 第一项研究由英国和爱尔兰的研究人员完成，于今年1月发表，采用了备受推崇的科克伦（Cochrane）系统评价形式——这是医疗领域广受认可的一种荟萃分析。该研究汇总了69项随机对照试验（RCTs）的数据，这些试验专门用来评估运动对抑郁症的作用。第二篇论文于2月发表在《英国运动医学杂志》上，采用了所谓的“二次荟萃分析”。研究参考了1000余项试验，受试者近8万名。两项研究均得出结论：运动在缓解抑郁、焦虑症状方面的效果，与常规治疗方法大致相当。There are important caveats. Meta-analyses are only as good as the studies they include, and exercise trials are prone to being skewed. For one thing, participants cannot be blinded — they know if they are doing kettlebell swings or not — which makes their self-reported mood vulnerable to any favorable expectations they might have. For this and other reasons, the Cochrane review judged all the studies it included to be at “high risk” of bias. 但该结论存在重要的限定条件。荟萃分析的可靠性完全取决于所纳入的原始研究，而运动类试验往往容易出现结果偏倚。首先，参与者无法实施“盲法”——自己是否完成壶铃摇摆这类运动，参与者心知肚明。这就导致参与者主动上报的情绪，很容易受到内心积极预期的影响。出于上述及其他因素，这份科克伦系统评价判定，其纳入的所有研究均存在“高偏倚风险”。What’s more, the meta-meta-analysis did not include any studies that tested exercise against other interventions. The findings from the exercise trials were, instead, compared against those from separate trials of antidepressants or therapy. But unlike exercise studies, RCTs of antidepressants are typically well blinded and have strong placebo effects, making it harder for them to achieve similarly impressive results. “I don’t think it’s a fair comparison,” says Jonathan Roiser, a professor of neuroscience at University College London. 此外，这项“二次荟萃分析”并未纳入任何将运动与其他干预措施进行直接对比的研究。它是把运动试验的结果，与另外独立开展的抗抑郁药、心理治疗试验的数据做比对。但与运动研究不同，抗抑郁药物的随机对照试验通常盲法设计完善，且安慰剂效应显著，这使得药物想要取得同样令人瞩目的疗效数据难度更大。伦敦大学学院的神经科学教授乔纳森·罗伊泽（Jonathan Roiser）表示：“我认为这样对比并不客观。”All the same, most researchers are confident that exercise helps improve mood. Aerobic workouts, such as running, walking or cycling, seem to be particularly beneficial across the board. For depression, group-based or supervised exercise is more effective than sweating alone, and the benefits of exercise accrue over several months. For anxiety, the best results seem to come from lower-intensity activity. 尽管如此，绝大多数研究人员仍认可运动有助于改善情绪。跑步、散步或骑车等有氧运动，总体来看大有裨益。针对抑郁症，团体运动或在专业人员指导下开展的运动，效果优于独自锻炼，且运动带来的益处会数月里不断累积。而对于焦虑症，低强度运动似乎能带来最佳效果。Why exercise works is less clear. The popular idea that exercise generates a “high” by causing the release of endorphins, a form of opioid, has little scientific support. A study published in 2021 found that blocking runners’ opioid receptors reduced neither the euphoria they reported after a session nor the drop in anxiety. Researchers instead think that endocannabinoids — chemicals produced by the body and brain that activate the same receptors as the active molecules in cannabis — might be responsible for these short-term boosts. 至于运动为何有效，具体机制尚不明确。有一种广为流传的说法：运动会促使内啡肽（一种阿片样物质）的释放，从而让人产生愉悦感，但这一说法缺乏足够的科学依据。2021年的一项研究发现，阻断跑步者体内的阿片类受体，既不会降低他们运动后的欣快感，也不会减弱焦虑的缓解程度。研究人员转而认为，内源性大麻素可能是带来这种短期情绪提升的原因；这类物质由人体和大脑合成，能激活与大麻有效成分相同的受体。Other pathways are also being triggered. Exercise seems to reduce inflammation and improve brain plasticity, as well as increasing the transmission of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is involved in the process of weighing effort against reward, and so increasing transmission may help reverse the loss of motivation associated with depression. 运动还会激活其他生理机制：它能够减轻炎症，提升大脑可塑性，并增加大脑内多巴胺的传递。多巴胺参与了“权衡付出与回报”这一心理过程，因此，增加多巴胺的传递有助于改善抑郁症患者典型的动力缺失问题。There are purely psychological benefits, too: exercise can provide people with a sense of achievement, agency and eventually mastery, all of which are known to lift mood. Plenty of reasons, then, to work up a sweat. 此外，运动还能带来纯粹的心理益处：它能给人带来成就感、自主感，最终获得一种掌控感，而这些都能够提振情绪。如此看来，我们完全有理由动起来，好好出一身汗。 【词汇】 1. in the doldrums 情绪低落2. meta-analysis n. 荟萃分析（一种循证医学研究方法，把多个独立的同类研究的数据汇总、合并分析，得到一个综合性结论，研究说服力高于单一试验）3. caveat n. 警告；提醒4. skew v. 使……有偏差；影响……的准确性5. placebo n. 安慰剂6. neuroscience n. 神经科学7. aerobic adj. 有氧的8. accrue v. 积累；增加9. endorphin n. 内啡肽10. opioid n. 阿片样物质（既可来源于外界毒品，也包含人体自身合成的内啡肽，能够起到镇痛、产生欣快感的作用）11. receptor n. 受体；感受器12. euphoria n. 欣快感；极度愉快13. cannabis n. 大麻14. inflammation n. 炎症15. dopamine n. 多巴胺（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 炎热天气让人变得迟钝

炎热天气让人变得迟钝Heat Might Cloud Your Brain常速 | 六级（易） | 526词 | 3min31s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is one way extreme heat can affect people, according to the passage?A. It can increase the speed at which people complete tasks.B. It can improve people’s ability to solve difficult problems.C. It can help people remember information more easily.D. It can make it harder to think and make good decisions.Q2. What did the Boston study find about students without air conditioning?A. They were more comfortable while studying.B. They performed less well on the tests.C. They were better at solving numerical problems.D. They completed both tests in less time.Q3. Why does the speaker mention the limitations of the Boston study?A. To show that its findings should be interpreted with some caution.B. To suggest that the researchers used the wrong testing methods.C. To explain why high temperatures affect only university students.D. To prove that air conditioning has little effect on learning.Q4. What did the large study in China suggest about long-term exposure to extreme heat?A. It has little effect unless people suffer heat stroke.B. It mainly affects people’s physical strength.C. It may be linked to a decline in cognitive ability.D. It can improve memory after repeated exposure.Q5. What does the speaker suggest people do when they have to make an important decision on a very hot day?A. Avoid asking others for advice about the decision.B. Make the decision quickly before becoming tired.C. Trust their first reaction rather than overthink it.D. Cool down first and consider the decision carefully.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow Heat Waves Affect Your BrainHeat waves are becoming more common in many parts of the world. Most people know that extreme heat can cause health problems, such as heart and breathing difficulties. In serious cases, it can even lead to heat stroke or death. But there is another effect of extreme heat that we may not think about: it can affect the way our brains work.When the temperature gets too high, our bodies try to keep us cool. More blood and energy are sent to parts of the body that help control our temperature. As a result, the brain may receive less blood than usual. Scientists are still studying exactly how this process affects the brain. (Q1) However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.One interesting study was carried out during a heat wave in Boston in 2016. Researchers studied university students living in different buildings. Some students had air conditioning, while others did not. The students with air conditioning stayed in rooms with an average temperature of about 21°C. The rooms without air conditioning were much warmer, with an average temperature of about 26°C.For 12 days, the students completed two simple tests each day. One test involved adding and subtracting numbers. The other was a test of attention. (Q2) The results were clear: students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.(Q3) Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students. However, other studies have found similar results. When people are exposed to high temperatures, they often have more difficulty paying attention and remembering information. They may also be slower at solving problems and making decisions.There is also evidence that long-term exposure to extreme heat may affect our brains. In one large study, researchers followed more than 53,000 people in China for eight years. (Q4) They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability. The researchers estimated that if the number of extremely hot days increases in the future, average human cognitive ability could decline.The effects of heat are not the same for everyone. Older people, for example, may be more strongly affected. People with certain physical conditions may also face greater risks. In addition, even a short period of extreme heat may affect our thinking for some time afterward.So what should we do? The simplest advice is to avoid making important decisions when we are extremely hot. If possible, wait until you are in a cooler environment. (Q5-1) When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.We often use the expression “in the heat of the moment” to describe a decision made without enough thought. As heat waves become more common, the expression may have a more literal meaning than we realize. (Q5-2) When the weather is extremely hot, cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.” 意为：“研究已经表明，高温会使人们更难集中注意力、记忆信息、解决问题和做出正确决定。”因此正确答案为D。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“... students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.” 意为：“……处在较热房间里的学生表现更差，他们答对的问题更少，完成注意力测试所花的时间也更长。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. A.【解析】推断题。题目出处为：“Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students.” 意为：“当然，一项研究不能说明所有问题，因为参与者人数较少，而且都是大学生。”由此可以推断，研究样本有限，因此其结果需要谨慎理解，不能简单推广到所有人群。故正确答案为A。Q4. C.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability.” 意为：“研究发现，经历更多高温天气的人，在记忆和数学能力测试中的表现往往更差。”由此可知，长期暴露于极端高温可能与认知能力下降有关，因此正确答案为C。Q5. D.【解析】细节与推断题。题目出处为：“When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.” 以及结尾处“… cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.” 意为：“如果一项重要决定无法推迟，反而应当慢慢考虑，仔细检查自己的思路，并向他人寻求建议。”以及“给身体降降温，可能也有助于让大脑更好地运转。”因此可以概括为在高温环境下做重要决定前，应先给自己降降温并认真思考，故正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 我们为何需要8小时睡眠？

我们为何需要8小时睡眠？Why do we need eight hours of sleep?常速 | 四级（偏易） | 809词 | 3min37s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What does Dr. Sanjay Gupta say about the commonly recommended eight hours of sleep?A. It is the minimum amount required for all adults.B. It is mainly suitable for teenagers and children.C. It represents an average rather than a fixed standard.D. It has recently been proven to be scientifically inaccurate.Q2. Which stage of sleep occupies the largest proportion of an adult’s sleep cycle?A. Stage one sleep.B. Stage two sleep.C. Stage three sleep.D. REM sleep.Q3. Why does Dr. Gupta consider sleep especially important for students?A. It improves physical strength and athletic performance.B. It reduces the amount of study time students need.C. It helps transfer daily experiences into long-term memory.D. It allows the brain to remain active throughout the night.Q4. What can be inferred about irregular sleeping habits?A. They mainly affect people who travel frequently.B. They may interfere with the body’s natural rhythm.C. They can quickly increase the total amount of sleep.D. They are less harmful than excessive screen use.Q5. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To compare the sleeping habits of adults and children.B. To warn people about the long-term dangers of technology addiction.C. To discuss the relationship between exercise and brain development.D. To explain the functions of sleep and ways to improve sleep quality.Part II. TRANSCRIPTWhy do we need eight hours of sleep?I got 5 hours of sleep last night. Last night, this is not normal. I got about 6 and 1/2 hours of sleep. Last night, I slept four hours. I got 5 hours 45 minutes of sleep. Last night, I got about 5 hours of sleep. Usually, I try to shoot for 7 to 8. It seems like most people are not getting 8 hours of sleep. We got a wide range of answers today. I am on a mission to find out if that’s really what we need to do. And I’m bringing in a special guest, Dr. Sanjay Gupta.How are you? You missed this discussion. Oh man, you are the man I need to speak to. So why eight hours? Is this the optimal amount?optimal adj. 最佳的，最适宜的(Q1) So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults. The thing is, for kids, it’s actually even more than that—9 to 12 hours for elementary school kids and teenagers, back to sort of 8 to 10 hours.(Q5-1) Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?Sleep is actually a really fascinating time for the brain. It’s kind of interesting because people think it’s just at rest. It’s actually really active. And there are several stages of sleep. (Q2) Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one. That’s the lightest sleep, just sort of drifting off to sleep. Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two. Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%. And then there’s this really interesting stage. It’s called REM—rapid eye movements. Literally, your eyes are moving behind your eyelids, and that’s when you’re dreamy. Yeah. And you cycle over and over again through these stages of sleep. About 90 minutes or so for all the stages.The other thing your brain is doing is clearing out waste from all the work that it’s done during the day. (Q3) And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.So how do I know if I’ve gotten enough sleep for me, for my body?So, most people generally know because you are probably a little bit grumpier than you normally are. You’re always cheery though, aren’t you? I’ve never seen you grumpy. You know, you feel tired. I think one of the biggest tests—someone told me this years ago—is if you put yourself in a darkened room in a comfortable chair and right away you fall asleep within a couple of minutes; that’s a pretty sure sign that you’re sleep-deprived.grumpy adj. 脾气坏的，易怒的(Q5-2) So, give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.So, you’re an athlete, probably working out too close to when you go to bed; it’s probably going to keep you up. You’re sort of stimulating the body. Caffeine stimulates the body. So, in the morning, good idea. But later on in the afternoon, that’s probably going to keep you up. Screens, the blue light alone is something that’s going to keep you up. It just kind of wakes your brain up. Kind of wakes your brain up. Yeah. It’s like, hey, time to wake up. Time to actually do something.caffeine n. 咖啡因I think the biggest thing is the idea of sleeping around the same time and waking up at the same time every day. It’s like you’re confusing your brain. (Q4) If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later, your brain’s like, “Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.” If you get into a consistent pattern of whatever time, so let’s say 11 to 7, uh, every day, you’re likely to get good sleep. Your brain’s not confused, and you can stick with that pattern.Is that connected to that circadian rhythm we always have?circadian adj. 生理节律的And your circadian rhythm can get sort of messed up very quickly. You see that when you travel to LA or, you know, any kind of jet lag? You can essentially put yourself into jet lag right at home by confusing your brain like that all the time if you do nothing else. Well, get rid of the screens for sure, but after that, go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time.You know my tip for great sleep? Hang out with people who just put you at ease. And for me, you’re one of those people. You’re the best sleep. You’re the best.I’m not sure. It’s good that I put you to sleep.Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“So you know, like most things in life, it’s an average. The average is a range between 6 and 10 hours for most adults.” 意为：“就像生活中的很多事情一样，八小时只是一个平均值。对于大多数成年人来说，平均睡眠时间范围是6到10小时。”该句表明“八小时睡眠”并非绝对标准，而是一个平均参考值，因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“Then stage two, a little bit deeper. About 45% of your sleep is stage two.” 意为：“第二阶段睡眠更深一些，大约占全部睡眠时间的45%。”结合前文“Stage one, you spend about 5% of your time in stage one”以及后文“Then there’s stage three, which is the most restful, about 25%”可知，第二阶段占比最高，因此正确答案为B。Q3. C.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“And I think most importantly for students, that’s the time you take memories and experiences from your day, and you put them in the long-term memory stores so you can remember these months, years down the road.” 意为：“我认为，对学生来说最重要的是，睡眠期间你的大脑会把白天的记忆和经历储存到长期记忆中，以便未来数月甚至数年后仍能记住。”该句直接说明了睡眠对学生的重要意义，因此正确答案为C。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。题目出处为：“If you go to bed 2 hours early or 2 hours later and your brain’s like, ‘Wait a second. Is it time to sleep or is it not time to sleep? I’m not sure.’” 意为：“如果你提前两小时或推迟两小时睡觉，你的大脑就会想：‘等等，现在是该睡觉的时候，还是不该睡？我也不确定’。”由此可以推断，不规律的睡眠习惯会扰乱人体自然生物节律，因此正确答案为B。Q5. D.【解析】主旨题。题目出处为：“Take us inside of our brains. What happens while we sleep?”以及“… give your boy some tips and all of us on getting great sleep.” 主持人请Gupta博士解释睡眠期间大脑的活动并提供改善睡眠的建议，随后他们对睡眠阶段、大脑功能、记忆形成以及健康睡眠习惯进行了详细讨论，因此正确答案为D。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法

Small steps to build long-lasting habits 通过明确的小目标建立长期习惯的方法常速 | 五级（偏易）| 376词 | 2min20s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the news and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to James Clear, what is the main reason people fail to maintain good habits? A. They lack willpower. B. They do not set SMART goals. C. Their system is flawed. D. Their goals are too ambitious. Q2. What is an example of a SMART goal mentioned in the text? A. Exercising more during the week. B. Walking for 20 minutes every weekday evening. C. Reading a book every month. D. Going to the gym three times a week. Q3. What is the purpose of ‘habit stacking’ as explained in the text? A. To identify ineffective habits. B. To eliminate bad habits completely. C. To prioritize daily routines. D. To attach new habits to existing ones. Q4. What can be inferred about setbacks in building habits? A. They indicate that the system is ineffective. B. They are unavoidable and part of the process. C. They should be avoided at all costs. D. They make it impossible to maintain habits. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss strategies for building and maintaining long-lasting habits. B. To explain why SMART goals are essential for habit formation. C. To highlight the importance of willpower in achieving goals. D. To emphasize the role of spontaneity in daily routines. Part II. TRANSCRIPTSmall steps to build long-lasting habitsIt’s day one of a healthier, smarter, better you. You’re full of zest and good intentions. You woke up at 5am to run before work, you read a book in your lunchbreak, and you listened to an English podcast on your commute. Now, fast forward three months. Life is getting in the way, and you’ve slipped into old habits… snoozing your alarm and eating chocolate for breakfast. Sound familiar?zest n. 热情，兴趣 podcast n. 播客，音频节目 commute n. 通勤，往返于工作地点和住所之间 Don’t be hard on yourself. It’s unrealistic to rely on willpower alone. (Q1) As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” Our habits come from goals, so start by getting really clear. Goals, according to George T Doran, should be SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. It’s not enough to say, “I’ll exercise more” – that’s too vague! (Q2) A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.” Now you have a clear action that you can stick to.vague adj. 模糊的，不明确的 Once you’re clear on your goals, you need to make the associated habits as automatic as possible. (Q3) Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly. For example, if you already make coffee every morning, use that moment to read your book for 20 minutes. That way, your new reading habit is now intertwined with something you’re going to do anyway. Another key strategy is to reward yourself, to transform the habit from a chore into something pleasurable. If it’s hard to get yourself to the gym, promise yourself that after each visit, you’ll allow yourself a treat – a takeaway meal or an episode of your favourite TV show.stack v. 堆叠，堆积 (Q4) Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process. Life is full of spontaneity and uncertainty – one could argue that’s what keeps it interesting! Use setbacks as a pause for reflection and review. What about your system is working? What’s no longer serving you? Then, get back on track.spontaneity n. 自发性，自然性 Part III. KEYQ1. C.【解析】细节题。根据“As James Clear, author of the bestselling book Atomic Habits, writes, “The problem isn’t you. The problem is your system.” ”，可知詹姆斯·克利尔认为，人们无法坚持好习惯，问题不在于人本身，而在于自身的体系存在缺陷。因此正确答案为C。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。根据“A SMART goal would be “I’m going to walk for 20 minutes in the evenings on weekdays.””，可知一个SMART目标可以是“我打算在工作日的晚上步行20分钟。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. D.【解析】细节题。根据“Try ‘habit stacking’, a technique popularised in the book Atomic Habits, which involves attaching a new habit onto something you already do regularly.”，可知habit stacking是指“习惯叠加”，即将一个新习惯附加到你已经经常做的事情上。因此正确答案为D。Q4. B.【解析】推理题。根据“Even with our best intentions and a great system, stress and interruptions to your routine like social events can still make keeping habits feel like an uphill battle. If or when you have setbacks, accept it as part of the process.”，可知即使我们有最好的意图和很好的系统，压力和社交活动等对日常生活的干扰仍然会让保持习惯感觉像是一场艰难的战斗。在培养习惯的过程中遭遇挫折是过程的一部分。因此正确答案为B。Q5. A.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是讨论如何通过明确目标、习惯叠加和奖励机制等策略来建立和维持长期的习惯。“Small steps to build long-lasting habits” 的标题以及文章内容都围绕这一主题展开，因此正确答案为A。（本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 献血为何重要

The gift of blood, why it matters 献血为何重要常速 | 四级（中等）| 661词 | 4min45s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the interview and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. According to Dr. Yuyun Maryuningsih, why can one blood donation save multiple lives? A. Blood components are separated and used for different patients. B. Plasma can be stored for up to one year for emergencies. C. Blood donors are required to donate multiple times a year. D. Blood banks prioritize patients with severe conditions. Q2. What is the main reason why regular blood donation is critical, as explained in the text? A. Blood components have different expiration dates. B. Blood banks often face shortages during emergencies. C. Plasma storage requires advanced technology. D. Patients with chronic diseases rely on fresh blood supplies. Q3. What is one of the key advantages of voluntary unpaid blood donations mentioned in the text? A. They ensure higher blood quality through testing. B. They prevent exploitation of vulnerable individuals. C. They increase the frequency of donations. D. They reduce the cost of blood collection systems. Q4. What can be inferred about the challenges of maintaining safe blood donation systems? A. They require frequent updates to testing standards. B. They rely heavily on community-based traditions. C. They depend on the honesty and health of donors. D. They face difficulties in ensuring proper storage and distribution. Q5. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To discuss the benefits of regular blood donation. B. To explain how blood donation systems operate worldwide. C. To emphasize the importance of safe and voluntary blood donation. D. To highlight the medical uses of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Part II. TRANSCRIPTThe gift of blood, why it mattersVGS: We’re talking about something powerful, invisible and life-saving. Your blood. It’s a gift only you can give. Our expert is Dr Yuyun Maryuningsih and we’re talking about blood donation. Welcome, Yuyun. As a student, I used to donate blood quite regularly and also throughout my work life. What about you?YM: Of course, I have, and I always tell people that donating blood is easy, safe and makes a real difference.VGS: But there’s something new I learned, that when you donate blood, you could be saving up to three lives, right?YM: Yes, exactly. You are right, because (Q1) when you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient. For example, we can give the red blood cells for an anaemia patient. And then we can give the platelets to a bleeding patient and plasma for the infectious patients. All at once.platelet n. 血小板 plasma n. 血浆 anaemia n. 贫血 VGS: Wow. And there is an expiry date for the donated blood. Talk to us about that.expiry n. 到期YM: Yes, for example, (Q2) the platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank, especially during emergency and outbreak situations.VGS: But it’s not just about emergencies, right?YM: Absolutely. So for cancer treatment and surgeries, and also for treatment of severe anaemia, and mothers who have complications during childbirth, none of these are possible without safe blood.VGS: So now, let’s talk about how to donate blood. It’s important that it’s voluntary, right?YM: (Q3) Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood. And the voluntary blood donation systems, in general, are more reliable over the long term.VGS: So, Yuyun, when I was in university, I had a classmate who had haemophilia, and he needed regular blood donation. I think he needed blood plasma. And I’m talking about a few decades back when maybe the blood systems weren’t that safe. Unfortunately, he contracted HIV with infected blood. So talk to us about national blood donation systems. What does it take to keep it safe?haemophilia n. 血友病 YM: So the key is that the country needs to have a strong national blood system. (Q4) That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.VGS: Yuyun I remember, I was in Sri Lanka many years ago and they have a beautiful tradition of donating blood on full moon nights. And this donation happens in communities, universities, temples, isn’t that amazing?YM: Yes, that is a wonderful tradition. And for those wondering actually, you can donate blood more than once. So for example, if you want to donate red blood cell you can donate every 8-12 weeks. And if you want to donate platelets or plasma, you can donate every 2-4 weeks.VGS: Let’s talk about who can donate blood.YM: Almost all can donate blood, from 18 to 65 years old and healthy, minimum 50 kilograms of body weight. And before donating blood, you will get a quick health check. So nothing scary.VGS: Okay, and it doesn’t take very long, right? Just ten minutes?YM: Yes, of course, just ten minutes to get blood to be drawn and then, to complete collecting the blood, it takes 35, 30 minutes to 40 minutes, including refreshments.VGS: Okay, that’s like your lunch break. You can go donate blood if you’re eligible during your lunch break. Take a friend with you, get an appointment, and please donate blood. That was science in five today. Thank you, Yuyun. Until next time then. Stay safe, stay healthy, and stick with science.eligible adj. 符合条件的，合格的 Part III. KEYQ1.A.【解析】细节题。根据“When you donate blood, your blood will be separated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma. And each can be given to a different patient.”，可知献血时，血液会被分离成红细胞、血小板和血浆，每一种都可以提供给不同的患者，因此能拯救多条生命。正确答案为A。Q2. A.【解析】细节题。根据“The platelets only last for five days, red blood cells for six weeks, and then plasma if frozen, it lasts for one year. That is why regular donation is very important to keep the blood stock of the blood bank.””，可知血小板只能存活五天，红细胞存活六周，而血浆如果冷冻，可以保存一年。三种血液成分保质期各不相同，因此定期献血十分重要。正确答案为A。Q3. B.【解析】细节题。根据“Voluntary unpaid donations are safer, because this donor is usually more honest about their health and it avoids exploiting vulnerable people, who might feel pressured to sell blood.”，可知自愿无偿献血更安全，因为这类献血者通常对自己的健康更诚实，并且避免剥削可能因压力而卖血的弱势群体，也就是可以防止剥削弱势群体。正确答案为B。Q4. D.【解析】推理题。根据“That means that each unit of blood should be tested and then should be processed, and of course, storage and distribution according to the standard.”，可知每一部分的血液都应该经过检测，然后进行加工，还要按照标准进行储存和分发。由此可以推断，血液的规范储存与分发是维持安全献血体系的一个重要挑战。正确答案为D。Q5.C.【解析】主旨题。整篇文章的核心内容是强调献血的价值、自愿无偿献血的优势、如何保持血液系统安全以及献血的具体过程，呼吁安全、自愿献血。正确答案为C。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

新闻听力 | 炎热天气让人变得迟钝

炎热天气让人变得迟钝Heat Might Cloud Your Brain常速 | 六级（易） | 526词 | 3min31s刘立军供稿Part I. QUESTIONSListen to the passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.Q1. What is one way extreme heat can affect people, according to the passage?A. It can increase the speed at which people complete tasks.B. It can improve people’s ability to solve difficult problems.C. It can help people remember information more easily.D. It can make it harder to think and make good decisions.Q2. What did the Boston study find about students without air conditioning?A. They were more comfortable while studying.B. They performed less well on the tests.C. They were better at solving numerical problems.D. They completed both tests in less time.Q3. Why does the speaker mention the limitations of the Boston study?A. To show that its findings should be interpreted with some caution.B. To suggest that the researchers used the wrong testing methods.C. To explain why high temperatures affect only university students.D. To prove that air conditioning has little effect on learning.Q4. What did the large study in China suggest about long-term exposure to extreme heat?A. It has little effect unless people suffer heat stroke.B. It mainly affects people’s physical strength.C. It may be linked to a decline in cognitive ability.D. It can improve memory after repeated exposure.Q5. What does the speaker suggest people do when they have to make an important decision on a very hot day?A. Avoid asking others for advice about the decision.B. Make the decision quickly before becoming tired.C. Trust their first reaction rather than overthink it.D. Cool down first and consider the decision carefully.Part II. TRANSCRIPTHow Heat Waves Affect Your BrainHeat waves are becoming more common in many parts of the world. Most people know that extreme heat can cause health problems, such as heart and breathing difficulties. In serious cases, it can even lead to heat stroke or death. But there is another effect of extreme heat that we may not think about: it can affect the way our brains work.When the temperature gets too high, our bodies try to keep us cool. More blood and energy are sent to parts of the body that help control our temperature. As a result, the brain may receive less blood than usual. Scientists are still studying exactly how this process affects the brain. (Q1) However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.One interesting study was carried out during a heat wave in Boston in 2016. Researchers studied university students living in different buildings. Some students had air conditioning, while others did not. The students with air conditioning stayed in rooms with an average temperature of about 21°C. The rooms without air conditioning were much warmer, with an average temperature of about 26°C.For 12 days, the students completed two simple tests each day. One test involved adding and subtracting numbers. The other was a test of attention. (Q2) The results were clear: students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.(Q3) Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students. However, other studies have found similar results. When people are exposed to high temperatures, they often have more difficulty paying attention and remembering information. They may also be slower at solving problems and making decisions.There is also evidence that long-term exposure to extreme heat may affect our brains. In one large study, researchers followed more than 53,000 people in China for eight years. (Q4) They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability. The researchers estimated that if the number of extremely hot days increases in the future, average human cognitive ability could decline.The effects of heat are not the same for everyone. Older people, for example, may be more strongly affected. People with certain physical conditions may also face greater risks. In addition, even a short period of extreme heat may affect our thinking for some time afterward.So what should we do? The simplest advice is to avoid making important decisions when we are extremely hot. If possible, wait until you are in a cooler environment. (Q5-1) When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.We often use the expression “in the heat of the moment” to describe a decision made without enough thought. As heat waves become more common, the expression may have a more literal meaning than we realize. (Q5-2) When the weather is extremely hot, cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.Part III. KEYQ1. D.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“However, research has already shown that high temperatures can make it harder for people to pay attention, remember information, solve problems, and make good decisions.” 意为：“研究已经表明，高温会使人们更难集中注意力、记忆信息、解决问题和做出正确决定。”因此正确答案为D。Q2. B.【解析】细节题。题目出处为：“... students in the warmer rooms performed worse. They answered fewer questions correctly and took longer to complete the attention test.” 意为：“……处在较热房间里的学生表现更差，他们答对的问题更少，完成注意力测试所花的时间也更长。”因此正确答案为B。Q3. A.【解析】推断题。题目出处为：“Of course, one study cannot tell us everything. The number of students was relatively small, and they were all university students.” 意为：“当然，一项研究不能说明所有问题，因为参与者人数较少，而且都是大学生。”由此可以推断，研究样本有限，因此其结果需要谨慎理解，不能简单推广到所有人群。故正确答案为A。Q4. C.【解析】理解题。题目出处为：“They found that people who experienced more very hot days tended to perform worse on tests of memory and mathematical ability.” 意为：“研究发现，经历更多高温天气的人，在记忆和数学能力测试中的表现往往更差。”由此可知，长期暴露于极端高温可能与认知能力下降有关，因此正确答案为C。Q5. D.【解析】细节与推断题。题目出处为：“When a decision cannot be delayed, take your time, check your reasoning carefully, and ask someone else for advice.” 以及结尾处“… cooling your body may be a good way to help your brain work better, too.” 意为：“如果一项重要决定无法推迟，反而应当慢慢考虑，仔细检查自己的思路，并向他人寻求建议。”以及“给身体降降温，可能也有助于让大脑更好地运转。”因此可以概括为在高温环境下做重要决定前，应先给自己降降温并认真思考，故正确答案为D。 （本文图片来源于摄图网，版权归摄图网所有)

第12届教学大赛英语专业组二等奖赵雪宇授课

授课点评：赵雪宇老师展示了“3A设计”，整合了准备、习得与应用这三个不同的教学阶段。对教学阶段和教学过程的表述比较清晰，教学过程在“3A设计”的基础上展开，强调学生参与的多元形式，例如学生提问、学生评价、学生总结等。设计框架层次清晰。教学展示与教学设计紧密地融合在了一起。展示伊始，教师提醒学生回忆“3A设计”，并且多次使用“I want you to be/do…”的句式，运用丰富的肢体语言、重读、停顿等方式明确提出了自己的期待，帮助学生更加直观地获得课堂学习的方向感。此外，教师对学生的分享做出了真诚的回应，而不只是用简短的评价话语敷衍了事，这对学习共同体的建构大有助益。这同时体现出教师对英语有着较好的掌握程度，能够从容、准确地重述学生观点，帮助学生修正语言表述上的错误，并提供更加规范、高效的表达方式。整体而言，赵老师在教学展示过程中教态得体，状态自然、松弛，说课清晰，且能够脱离讲稿等材料的辅助完成授课。课堂教学紧密围绕教学目标，环环相扣，逐步深入。她有效运用了多媒体课件，运用多样的视图突出核心教学内容，起到了辅助作用。可以看出赵老师的整体状态（尤其体现为笑容、身势，对重读、停顿的运用，以及真诚的回应）有效吸引了学生的注意力，激发了学生的学习兴趣，为学生创设了安全的发言空间，让学生有分享欲，愿意主动参与课堂互动。最后，建议赵老师未来可以在分析课文内容的同时，进一步在词汇层面对近义词加以辨析。点评专家：杨延宁

第12届教学大赛英语专业组特等奖胡笑然授课

授课点评：胡笑然老师以充分的课前准备、认真的育人态度、专业的学科素养、科学的教学方法，在限定的20分钟时间内出色地完成了所指定的授课任务，为全国高校英语专业师生呈现了一堂值得学习和反思的短课。在整个授课过程中，胡老师精神饱满，着装端庄，形象甜美，教态自然，认真专注，热情友好，充满活力，展现了良好的个人魅力，体现了青年教师的时代风貌。胡老师具有扎实的英语基本功、娴熟的课堂掌控能力和应变能力、流畅的语言表达能力；综述简洁明了，呈现单元设计、教学目标、相关活动和拟用时间；授课有明确的目标，以学生为中心，围绕单元主题和语篇意义，突出重点，聚焦难点，讲解和引导规范适切。胡老师有自己的教学理念，能运用一定的教学理论，遵循“题材—功能—活动”的教学原则，重视语言感知和信息获取，围绕单元主题展开教学，各教学步骤衔接自然。能注重培养学生的观察力、想象力和分析能力，积极帮助学生通过语篇学习，了解重要概念以及语篇作者的观念和意图，努力激发学生对语篇主题的学习兴趣，师生之间有积极的互动和良好的交流。能充分利用和发挥电子课件的辅助教学功能， PPT和嵌入视频有良好的功能性和实用性，形式与内容相吻合，体现了课件形式与课文内容、教学手段与教学目的有机关联和主从关系，发挥了现代化教学资源及手段的教学辅助作用，增强了学生对单元主题和语言表述的理解。从整体上看，胡老师的授课比较成功。授课目的明确，授课重点突出，内容讲解清晰，活动安排合理，起承转合自然，师生互动自然，课件使用得当，教学效果较好。当然，她所展示的这堂英语短课仍存在以下待改进之处：授课停留在主题词语的概念解读层面，对主题意义的挖掘不够深入；教师个人主导成分太强，讲解和提问过多，学生活动不足，活动形式比较单一；时间把握不够合理，没有时间结尾，匆忙收课，无法安排课后作业和课外活动；授课时间用于教学，缺乏对教学成效的必要评价活动，难以确定单元教学目标的达成。建议胡老师在今后的教学研究和实践中，更加重视单元设计的完整性和课堂教学的有效性，关注输入与输出、课内与课外、语篇意义与语言形式的协调，注重教学手段、过程、效果的统一，促进学生在语言知识、语用技能、心智、情感、态度等方面的综合发展和提高。点评专家：梅德明

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